Answer:

Introduction:

Since the 1990s, India’s counter-terrorism strategies in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) have undergone significant evolution. This progression reflects a balanced approach that combines the use of force with political initiatives, addressing both immediate security threats and the underlying political issues fueling the conflict. Government reports highlight a substantial decrease in militancy-related incidents, from over 3,500 in 2000 to around 600 in 2019, demonstrating the effectiveness of these evolving strategies.

Body:

Evolution of India’s counter-terrorism strategies since the 1990s:

• Escalation of Militancy and Military Response (1990s):
  • Militancy Surge: The early 1990s witnessed a significant escalation in militancy in Jammu and Kashmir, fueled by cross-border infiltration and logistical support from Pakistan.
    For example: In 1990 alone, over 1,000 civilians lost their lives in militant-related violence.
  • Security Measures: In response, the Indian government deployed substantial security forces, including the Indian Army, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), and Border Security Force (BSF).
    For example: Operation Rakshak (1990) deployed Indian Army, CRPF, and BSF soldiers to counter insurgency and restore order in Kashmir.
  • Governor’s Rule: In 1990, Governor’s rule was imposed to restore order amid rising violence, leading to the suspension of the state government.
• Tactical Shifts and Attempts at Political Engagement (2000s):
  • Counter-Insurgency Operations: Security forces concentrated on targeted operations to neutralise militant leaders and disrupt militant networks.
    For example: Operation Vajra Shakti (2001) was launched to target militant hideouts and leadership in the mountains of Jammu and Kashmir.
  • Technological Advancements: Improved intelligence capabilities, including enhanced surveillance and communication interception, boosted operational effectiveness.
  • Electoral Processes: Efforts to restore democratic processes included the 2002 J&K assembly elections, which saw relatively higher voter turnout and led to the formation of a coalition government, indicating a shift towards political normalisation.
• Integration and Development Focus (2010s):
  • Surgical Strikes: Following major terrorist attacks like the 2016 Uri attack, India adopted a more assertive stance, conducting surgical strikes across the Line of Control (LoC) to target militant launch pads in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
  • Operation All-Out: Launched in 2017, this operation aimed to eliminate militancy in the Kashmir Valley through coordinated efforts by the army, CRPF, and J&K Police.
  • Central Government Interventions: The abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019 was a landmark decision, integrating J&K more closely with the Indian Union and restructuring it into two Union Territories – Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.
  • Development Initiatives: Post-2019, the focus shifted towards accelerating development projects, enhancing infrastructure, and generating employment opportunities to address socio-economic grievances.
    For example: Udaan Scheme aims to provide skill development and job opportunities in Jammu and Kashmir,.

Achievements of counter terrorism activities:

• Reduction in Militant Violence: Over the past decade, there has been a significant decline in militant-related violence in Jammu and Kashmir. 
• Successful Operations Against Militant Leaders: Security forces have conducted successful operations to neutralise key militant leaders, significantly disrupting militant networks. 
• Improvement in Security Infrastructure: Investments in security infrastructure, including surveillance technology, border fencing, and intelligence networks, have enhanced the capabilities of security forces to prevent infiltrations and respond effectively to militant threats.
• Community Engagement and Counter-Radicalization Efforts: Initiatives focusing on community engagement, youth outreach programs, and counter-radicalization strategies have helped in reducing local support for militancy.

Conclusion:

The evolution of India’s counter-terrorism strategies in Jammu and Kashmir demonstrates a delicate balance between military force and political initiatives. Despite progress in reducing militant activities and fostering regional integration, persistent challenges require a nuanced approach that combines effective security measures with genuine political engagement and socio-economic development efforts.