Buddhist and Jain architectural developments in ancient India showcase distinctive styles. Buddhist stupas like Sanchi and Jain cave complexes like Udayagiri exemplify their unique artistic expressions, reflecting spiritual richness.

Pala Empire in Magadha

Rise of Empire: The Gupta Empire’s decline in the sixth century led to Rajput principalities in the west and the Pala Empire’s rise in Magadha (Bihar and Bengal).

• Dharmapala: He was the second Pala ruler, established a powerful empire in the eighth century through victories over Rajput Pratiharas.
• Agricultural Dominance: Empire’s wealth derived from agriculture in the fertile Ganges plain and international trade.

Bodhgaya and Mahabodhi Temple

Importance: Bodhgaya, a pilgrimage site, holds significance as the place where Siddhartha achieved enlightenment.

• Mahabodhi Temple at Bodhgaya: Initially built by King Ashoka, underwent modifications over time.
  • The vedika around the shrine is said to be post-Mauryan, of about 100 BCE. 
• Current structure: The current temple structure reflects the Colonial Period reconstruction of the original seventh-century design.
• Different Style: The design of the temple is unusual. It is, strictly speaking, neither Dravida nor Nagara.
• It is narrow like a Nagara temple, but it rises without curving, like a Dravida one.

Nalanda

Learning Center: Nalanda, a monastic university, served as a center for Buddhist teachings, attracting scholars and pilgrims from various regions.

• Mahavihar: It is a mahavihara as it is a complex of several monasteries of various sizes. 
• Founder: Most information about Nalanda is derived from Xuan Zang’s (Hsuan-tsang) records, indicating that Kumargupta I laid the monastery’s foundation in the fifth century CE. 
• Subsequent Evolution: Subsequent monarchs developed it into a renowned university where all three Buddhist doctrines—Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana—were taught. 
• Global Recognition: Monks from various regions, including China, Tibet, Central Asia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, and others, traveled to Nalanda for education, making it a prominent center for Buddhist learning.
• Influences: Sculptural art at Nalanda developed from Gupta traditions, showcasing a synthesis of local Bihar and central Indian influences.
• Focus Shift: Nalanda sculptures, in stucco, stone, and bronze, depict Mahayana and Vajrayana deities, reflecting a shift in focus during the late eleventh and twelfth centuries.
• Features: Nalanda sculptures, dating between the seventh and twelfth centuries, show distinctive facial features, three-dimensional forms, and detailed back slabs.
• Discoveries: The Nalanda bronzes, dating from the 7th to 12th centuries, form a significant collection of Pala Period metal sculptures, surpassing discoveries from other sites in eastern India. 
• Mahayana Tradition: Initially influenced by Sarnath and Mathura Gupta traditions, these sculptures portray Mahayana Buddhist deities (such as standing Buddhas, bodhisattvas such as Manjusri Kumara, Avalokiteshvara seated on a lotus and Naga-Nagarjuna). 

• Tantric Center: In the late 11th and 12th centuries, Nalanda became a key tantric center, shifting focus to Vajrayana deities. 
• Crowned Buddha depictions became common after the 10th century. 
• Secular Features: Notably, Nalanda also features non-Sarnath style Brahmanical images, some still worshipped in nearby villages.
• Sirpur in Chhattisgarh: Represents an early Odisha-style site with both Hindu and Buddhist shrines.
• Iconographic and stylistic elements in Buddhist sculptures at Sirpur are similar to those at Nalanda.
• Nagapattinam: A major Buddhist center until the Chola Period, reveals Chola influences in bronze and stone sculptures dating back to the tenth century.

Jain Architectural Legacy

Temple Structure: Jains, like Hindus, were prolific temple builders, with sacred sites found across India, except in the hills.

• Region: Bihar hosts some of the oldest Jain pilgrimage sites, often associated with early Buddhist shrines.
  • Ellora and Aihole in the Deccan feature architecturally significant Jain sites.
  • Central Indian towns like Deogarh, Khajuraho, Chanderi, and Gwalior showcase exemplary Jain temples.
  • Karnataka boasts a rich Jain heritage, with Sravana Belagola hosting the world’s tallest monolithic free-standing structure—the statue of Gomateshwara.
• Jain temples at Mount Abu, constructed by Vimal Shah, exhibit a simplistic exterior with rich sculptural decoration.
• Shatrunjay hills near Palitana in Gujarat house an imposing cluster of Jain temples.

Challenges in Preservation

Reusage: Sculptures made of silver and gold likely faced reuse through melting.

• Fragile sculptures crafted from wood and ivory have perished over time.
• Preservation: Many sculptures, including likely painted ones, faced challenges in pigment preservation over centuries.
• The rich tradition of painting during this period is evidenced by surviving murals in a few religious buildings.

Conclusion

Buddhist architecture includes pilgrimage sites like Bodhgaya and the university at Nalanda. Nalanda sculptures reflect Gupta traditions and a shift towards Mahayana and Vajrayana focus. Jain architecture is evident in cave complexes and temples across India, with notable sites at Ellora, Khajuraho, and Sravana Belagola. Both Buddhist and Jain traditions showcase rich artistic expression and spiritual significance.