Fluid Dynamics in Action: Exploring Thrust, Pressure, and Real-Life applications:

Thrust is a force that propels an object forward. Commonly associated with engines and propulsion systems, it is essential in aerospace and automotive applications. While pressure is the force applied per unit area. It’s the measure of how force is distributed over a given surface.

• Thrust Dynamics: Force Behind Motion:
  • Definition and Practical Applications in Everyday Scenarios: The force acting on an object perpendicular to the surface is called thrust.
  • Application: When you push a pin into a board, you’re applying thrust.

• Fluid Dynamics of Pressure:
  • Definition: Pressure measures the amount of force applied per unit area. 
    • It’s calculated as Pressure = thrust/area.
  • Unit: The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa), which is equivalent to N/M2 or Nm-2. 
    • Named after the French mathematician and physicist, Blaise Pascal.
  • Concept: Pressure depends on the amount of thrust and the area over which it is distributed. 
    • If you exert the same force (or thrust) over a smaller area, the pressure is greater and vice-versa.

• • Further Interpretations:
    • Situation 1: When fixing a poster using drawing pins, the force applied by your thumb on the pin’s head is spread out on its broader end but focuses on a much tinier area at its pointed tip.
    • Situation 2: Standing versus lying on loose sand presents different outcomes because of pressure distribution. 
    • Standing makes your feet sink due to the force (your weight) acting on the smaller area of your feet. 
    • Conversely, when lying down, the same force spreads over a larger contact area, which means less sinking.
  • Real-life Applications:
    • Camel’s Feet: A camel can walk on desert sand without sinking because its feet are wide. This distributes the camel’s weight over a larger area, reducing the pressure on the sand.
    • Tank stability: Role of continuous chains in weight distribution: A tank uses a continuous chain to distribute its heavy weight over a large surface area, reducing the pressure on the ground and preventing it from sinking in.
    • Wide Tires in Heavy Vehicles: Trucks and buses have wide tires to distribute their heavy weight over a larger surface area, thereby reducing the pressure on roads.
    • Sharp Tools utilize Pressure for cutting and piercing: Cutting tools like knives and needles have sharp edges or points to concentrate the force over a very tiny area, producing a large pressure that can easily cut or pierce materials.
    • Nail Penetration Dynamics: The Power of Force and Precision: The pointed end of a nail can more easily penetrate a wooden plank than its head, indicating that the same amount of force applied over a smaller area results in a greater effect.
    • Porters Carrying Load and the Art of Weight Distribution: Porters place a round piece of cloth on their heads, when they have to carry heavy loads. 
    • By doing this they increase the area of contact of the load with their head. 
    • So, the pressure on their head is reduced and they find it easier to carry the load.

How is Pressure exerted by Liquids and Gases in Fluid Dynamics?

• Pressure Exerted by Liquids in simple Experiments:
  • In experiments involving rubber sheets covering a container, it’s observed that as water is poured into the container, the rubber sheet bulges out. 
  • The greater the volume or height of the water, the more the rubber bulges, indicating that liquids exert pressure not only on the base but also on the walls of their container.
  • By drilling holes into a bottle, we observe that water flows out of all the holes, and if the holes are at the same height, the water will fall at the same distance from the bottle. 
  • This experiment indicates that liquids exert uniform pressure at the same depth or height on the walls of their container.

• Fluid Dynamics in Action: Pressure Exerted by Gases in everyday Experiences:
  • When inflating a balloon, air fills up the available space. If the balloon’s mouth isn’t sealed, the air rushes out when released, demonstrating that the air inside was exerting pressure on the inner walls of the balloon. 
  • If the balloon has holes, it won’t inflate because the air would escape, further illustrating that gases exert pressure on their container’s walls.
  • In the context of a bicycle tire, if there’s a puncture, air rushes out. 
  • This shows that the air inside was exerting pressure on the inner walls of the tube.

Atmospheric Pressure: A Fluid Dynamics Perspective

• Atmospheric Pressure: Grasping the weight of Earth’s Air column: Earth’s atmosphere, which extends for many kilometers above its surface, exerts a pressure on us known as atmospheric pressure. 
  • This fluid dynamics phenomenon, governed by the weight of the column of air above us and is equivalent to the force of gravity on that column of air.
• Power behind the Rubber Sucker Experiment: The rubber sucker experiment demonstrates the strength of atmospheric pressure. 
  • When the sucker is pressed against a smooth surface, most of the air between the sucker and the surface is forced out.

• The atmospheric pressure outside then presses the sucker against the surface, making it difficult to pull it off. 
  • If no air were trapped between the sucker and the surface, it would be almost impossible for anyone to pull the sucker off, illustrating the magnitude of atmospheric pressure.
• Magnitude of Atmospheric Pressure and Its impact on the Human body:
  • Consider the weight of air in a column that has a base area of 15cm × 15cm and extends up to the height of the atmosphere. 
  • The force exerted by this air is roughly equivalent to the gravitational force on an object weighing 225kg. 
    • This force corresponds to a pressure of approximately 2250N. 
  • Our bodies are adapted to this pressure, and the internal pressure within our bodies balances out the atmospheric pressure, preventing us from being crushed.

Buoyancy in Fluid Dynamics: Forces Behind Floating Objects:

• Buoyancy, a fundamental concept in fluid dynamics, explains phenomena like feeling lighter while swimming or why a massive iron ship floats while an equivalent amount of iron in a sheet forms sinks.
• When an object like a bottle is submerged in water, it experiences gravitational pull downwards. Simultaneously, water pushes it upwards, exerting an opposing force.
• If the upward force exerted by the water (buoyant force) surpasses the object’s weight, the object rises upon release.
• To submerge an object entirely in water, the upward force due to water needs to balance out. 
  • This balance requires an external force acting downwards to counter the difference between the upward force and the object’s weight.
• The force that the water applies upwards on an object is termed as “upthrust” or “buoyant force”. 
  • Every object experiences this buoyant force when immersed in a fluid. The intensity of this force depends on the fluid’s density.

Why do objects Float or Sink in Fluid Dynamics?

The behavior of objects, whether they float or sink, is closely linked to their density in relation to the fluid they’re placed in.

• Fluid Dynamics of Gravitational Pull on immersed Iron Nails: An experiment with a beaker filled with water reveals that when an iron nail is placed on the water’s surface, it sinks. 
  • This is because the gravitational force pulling the nail downwards surpasses the upthrust of water on the nail.
• Experiment With Floating Cork and Sinking Iron: Conversely, a cork floats because its density is lower than that of water. 
  • The water’s upthrust on the cork exceeds the cork’s weight, causing it to remain afloat.
• In contrast, the density of an iron nail exceeds that of water. 
• Hence, the upthrust of water on the nail is insufficient to counterbalance the nail’s weight, making it sink.

Conclusion:

Objects with a density lower than the liquid will float, while those with a higher density will sink.