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India’s Population Growth: Historical Phases and Contemporary Trends

December 6, 2023 1080 0

India’s demographic landscape has witnessed distinct phases of population growth, shaped by historical, social, and economic factors. The early years were marked by slow growth, reflective of a predominantly agrarian society. The mid-20th century saw a significant acceleration, fueled by improved healthcare and a decline in mortality rates. Subsequently, contemporary trends reflect a transition towards stabilizing population dynamics, indicative of evolving societal norms and developmental strides.

Adolescent Population:

  • Data: 20.9% of the population in 2011 were adolescents (10-19 years). 
    • 52.7% were male, and 47.3% were female.
  • Adolescents, although representing potential, also come with challenges early marriage, illiteracy, school dropouts, nutritional deficiencies, maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS infections, disabilities, substance abuse, juvenile crimes, etc.

India’s National Population Policy (NPP) 2000:

  • The policy was initiated recognizing the pivotal role of family planning in improving health and welfare.
  • The objectives of  this population growth  policy encompass goals such as providing free and compulsory education up to 14 years, reducing infant mortality, ensuring universal child immunization, advocating for delayed marriage for girls, and focusing on making family welfare a people-centric program.

 

Decadal Growth Rates in India, 1901-2011

Decadal Growth Rates in India, 1901-2011 

 

Phase Duration Key Characteristics
Phase I: Stagnant Phase 1901-1921
  • Very low growth, negative during 1911-1921. 
  • High birth and death rates due to poor health, illiteracy, and inefficient distribution of basic necessities.
Phase II: Steady Growth 1921-1951
  • Decrease in mortality due to health, sanitation, transport, and communication improvements. 
  • High birth rate led to a higher growth.
  • Faced challenges like the Great Economic Depression and World War II.
Phase III: Population Explosion 1951-1981
  • Rapid fall in mortality, but high fertility rate.
  • Annual growth rate was 2.2%.
  • Improved living conditions leading to high natural increase. 
  • Increased international migration.
Phase IV: Decelerating Growth Post-1981
  • Growth rate started slowing, though still high.
  • Downward trend Add Population Growth in this  due to increased marriage age, better quality of life, and female education.

Table: Historical Phases of Population Growth

  • Future Projection: The World Development Report projects India’s population to reach 1,350 million by 2025.
  • Variation in Growth Rates: The country shows a wide variation in growth rates from one region to another.

Regional Variation in Population Growth

  • 1991-2001: Slow Growth in Southern States vs. Robust Expansion in the West-to-East Belt
    • Low growth rates (below 20% over the decade) in Southern states: Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Puducherry, and Goa.
      • Kerala had the lowest growth rate in the country at 9.4%.
    • High growth rates (20-25%) in a belt from west to east covering: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand.
  • 2001-2011 (Refer to Figure): Decelerating Growth Trends Across States
    • Almost all states and UTs had lower growth rates compared to the previous decade.
    • Among the six most populous states, all showed a decline in population growth rate, with the most significant decline in Maharashtra by 6.7 percentage points.
    • Contrarily, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry showed growth rate increases during this period.

India - Growth of Population

India – Growth of Population

Government Initiatives: Youth for Sustainable Development amid Population Growth Challenges 

  • National Youth Policy (NYP-2014): It was launched in February 2014 with the vision of empowering the youth for the nation’s better position globally, considering the context of population growth.
  • The Policy defined ‘youth’ as individuals aged 15-29 years.
    • National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (2015): Aims at aligning skilling activities to standards and demand centers
  • National Youth policy 2021: NYP seeks to catalyze widespread action on youth development on five priority areas viz. education; employment & entrepreneurship; youth leadership & development; health, fitness & sports; and social justice.

Also Read: Population Dynamics: Distribution, Density, & Growth In India

Conclusion
India’s demographic landscape, this essay navigates historical phases and current challenges of population growth. From stagnant periods to a population explosion, the narrative highlights the nuanced shifts. Examining government initiatives and policies, the essay underscores the crucial intersection of population growth in shaping India’s societal landscape. 

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 Final Result – CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2023.   Udaan-Prelims Wallah ( Static ) booklets 2024 released both in english and hindi : Download from Here!     Download UPSC Mains 2023 Question Papers PDF  Free Initiative links -1) Download Prahaar 3.0 for Mains Current Affairs PDF both in English and Hindi 2) Daily Main Answer Writing  , 3) Daily Current Affairs , Editorial Analysis and quiz ,  4) PDF Downloads  UPSC Prelims 2023 Trend Analysis cut-off and answer key

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AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD SOON
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध
Quick Revise Now !
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध

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