Architecture during the Mauryan Period: Pillars, Stupas, Caves, and Stone Masonry

Introduction 

During the Mauryan period, India witnessed a flourishing of culture and literature. This era, marked by the reign of Emperor Ashoka, saw the spread of Buddhism, which influenced art, architecture, and literature. Sanskrit and Prakrit languages flourished, leading to the composition of important texts like the Arthashastra by Kautilya and the plays of Bhasa. The period also witnessed advancements in science, medicine, and mathematics.

Art and Architecture

The monuments before the period of Ashoka were mostly made of wood and therefore perished. The use of stone started from the time of Ashoka. The artistic remains of the Mauryan period can be seen in the following heads:

• Pillars: The pillars erected by Ashoka furnish the finest specimen of Mauryan art. Ashokan pillars with inscriptions were found in places like Delhi, Allahabad, Rummindai, Sanchi, and Saranath. 
  • Their tops were crowned with figures of animals like lions, elephants, and bulls. 
  • The Saranath pillar with four lions standing back to back is the most magnificent. 
  • The Indian government adopted this capital with some modifications as its state emblem.
• Stupas: Ashoka built several stupas throughout his empire but the majority of them were destroyed during foreign invasions. 
  • Sanchi Stupas: The best example is the famous Sanchi stupa with massive dimensions. 
  • It was originally built with bricks but later enlarged after the time of Ashoka. 

• Caves: The caves presented to the Ajivikas by Ashoka and his son Dasaratha remain an important heritage of the Mauryas. 
  • Their interior walls are polished like mirrors. 
  • These were meant to be residences of monks. 
  • The caves at Barabar Hills near Bodh Gaya are wonderful pieces of Mauryan architecture.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

Conclusion

The Mauryan period marked a significant advancement in architecture, culture, and literature in ancient India. Architectural marvels like the Ashoka pillars and the Great Stupa at Sanchi reflect the era’s artistic excellence and engineering prowess. Culturally, the period saw the spread of Buddhism, influencing art and societal norms. Literary works, such as Ashoka’s edicts and Buddhist texts, showcased the intellectual vibrancy of the time, leaving a lasting legacy in Indian history.