Buddhist Philosophical Schools: Vaibhashika, Madhyamika, & More

Buddhist philosophy encompasses diverse schools of thought, each offering unique perspectives on fundamental questions of existence, suffering, and liberation. Major schools include Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana, each with distinct philosophical frameworks, meditation practices, and interpretations of Buddhist teachings.

Key Features of Buddhist Philosophical School

• There are four principal Buddhist philosophical schools, which are the four pillars of Buddhist doctrine.
  • Vaibhashikas: Believes that relative truth is that which can be broken down into parts, whereas ultimate truth is indivisible.
  • Sautrantikas: Accept the selflessness of persons but not the selflessness of phenomena.
  • Cittamatrins: Accept the selflessness of both self and phenomena, but believe in the true existence of mind.
  • Madhyamikas: It claims that things appear to be real and substantial but are actually without inherent true existence.

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Major Causes of the Decline of Buddhism 

• Hinduism Ascendancy: Buddhism declined throughout the phase of Bhakti movement, absorbing Hindu aspects, with some lineages regarding Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu.
• Language: Adoption of  Sanskrit over Pali. 
• Corrupt practices in monasteries like deviation from Buddha’s teachings.
• Patronage Lost: Buddhism lost its royal patronage after Harshavardhana. 
• Invasion: The Turks invaded  monasteries for their riches. 

Conclusion:

• Buddhist philosophical schools reflect the complexity and depth of Buddhist thought, providing practitioners with diverse approaches to understanding reality and achieving spiritual awakening. Despite differences, these schools share a common aspiration: the alleviation of suffering and the realization of ultimate truth.