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Geology Optional For UPSC Mains: Syllabus, Exam Pattern, Books, and Strategies

Ananya Gupta September 27, 2023 01:15 5138 0

Get comprehensive guidance on Geology optional for UPSC CSE exam including syllabus, exam pattern, recommended books, strategies, and past year question papers for effective preparation.

Geology Optional For UPSC Mains: Syllabus, Exam Pattern, Books, and Strategies

Introduction to Geology Optional

Choosing Geology as an optional subject for the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) presents a unique advantage to candidates with a keen interest in Earth sciences and a solid background in geology or related fields. Geology is an interdisciplinary subject that integrates knowledge of the Earth’s physical structure, its history, and the processes that act upon it. This subject offers a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the fundamentals of mineralogy and petrology to the complex dynamics of plate tectonics, geohazards, and their significance in natural resource management.  

This article aims to serve as a comprehensive guide for candidates considering Geology as their optional subject. It will explore the depth and breadth of the exam syllabus. Moreover, the article will offer access to past year question papers (PYQs) to help aspirants gauge the types of questions posed and the expected level of difficulty. Additionally, it will suggest essential books and resources crucial for acquiring a thorough understanding and mastery of Geology as an optional subject. 

Geology Optional For UPSC Mains

The UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam provides Geology as an optional subject, comprising two papers: Paper I and Paper II. The Geology syllabus encompasses a broad spectrum of topics across various domains such as Physical Geology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Stratigraphy, Paleontology, and Economic Geology. This diverse range of topics ensures a comprehensive understanding of the Earth’s composition, structure, processes, and history, which is crucial for addressing environmental issues, natural resource management, and contributing to scientific and technological advancements.

Benefits of Selecting Geology Optional Subject for the UPSC Mains Examination

  • Strong Foundation and Conceptual Clarity: Geology offers a concrete and objective framework for understanding. This clarity helps candidates provide precise, well-founded answers, minimising ambiguity in their responses and during evaluations.  
  • Overlap with General Studies: The scope of Geology intersects significantly with topics in the General Studies papers, especially those related to Environmental Issues, Geography, Disaster Management, and Resource Management.  
  • Availability of Resources: A wide array of textbooks, field guides, journals, and digital resources are available for Geology, providing comprehensive coverage of the syllabus. 
  • High Scoring Potential: Geology as an optional subject offers the opportunity for scoring well due to its objective nature and the straightforward presentation of information. 
  • Relevance to Contemporary Issues: Geology is at the forefront of addressing critical global issues such as climate change, natural hazards, water resources, and sustainable mining practices. 

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Geology Optional Syllabus for UPSC CSE  

Each of the Geology optional papers in the UPSC CSE exam carries 250 marks, making a total of 500 marks for the optional subject. The syllabus for the Geology Optional in the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) spans a diverse array of topics across several core areas of geology, highlighting the subject’s extensive and in-depth scope. Below is a broad outline of the syllabus:

Geology Optional Syllabus of Optional Paper I: 

The Table below contains the syllabus of Geology Optional for the UPSC Optional Paper I:

Topics Sub Topics
1. General Geology
2. Geomorphology and Remote Sensing
  • Basic concepts of geomorphology. Weathering and soil formations; Landforms, slopes and drainage. Geomorphic cycles and their interpretation. Morphology and its  relation to structures and lithology; Coastal geomorphology;  Applications of  geomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering; hydrology and environmental studies; Geomorphology of Indian sub-continent. 
  • Aerial photographs and their interpretation—merits and limitations; The Electromagnetic spectrum. Orbiting  Satellites and  Sensor Systems. Indian Remote Sensing Satellites. Satellite data products; Applications of remote sensing in geology; The Geographic Information System (GIS) and  Global Positioning System (GPS)—its applications. 
3. Structural Geology
  • Principles of geologic mapping and map reading, projection diagrams, Stress and strain ellipsoid and stress-strain relationships of elastic,  plastic and viscous materials; Strain markers in deformed rocks.  Behaviour of minerals and rocks under deformation conditions.  Folds and faults classification and mechanics;  Structural analysis of folds, foliations, lineations, joints and faults, unconformities;  Timerelationship between crystallization and deformation.  
4. Palaeontology
  • Species—definition and nomenclature; Megafossils and Microfossils. Modes of preservation of fossils; Different kinds of microfossils; Application of microfossils in correlation, petroleum exploration, paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic studies; Evolutionary trend  in Hominidae, Equidae and Proboscidae. Siwalik fauna.  
  • Gondwana flora and fauna and its importance; Index fossils and their significance. 
5. Indian Stratigraphy
  • Classification of stratigraphic sequences: lithostrati-graphic, biostratigraphic, chrono-stratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic and their interrelationships;  Distribution and classification of Precambrian rocks of India; Study of stratigraphic distribution and lithology of Phanerozoic rocks of India with reference to fauna, flora and economic importance. 
  • Major boundary problems—Cambrian/ Precambrian, Permian/Triassic, Cretaceous/Tertiary and Pliocene/Pleistocene; Study of climatic conditions, paleogeography and igneous activity in the Indian sub-continent in the geological past. 
  • Tectonic framework of India. Evolution of the Himalayas.
6. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology
  • Hydrologic cycle and genetic classification of water; Movement of subsurface water; Springs; Porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and storage coefficient, classification of aquifers; Water-bearing characteristics of rocks; Groundwater chemistry. Salt water intrusion. Types of wells. Drainage basin morphometry; Exploration for groundwater;  Groundwater recharge;  Problems and management of groundwater; Rainwater harvesting; Engineering properties of rocks; Geological investigations for dams, tunnels highways, railway and bridges; Rock as construction  material; Landslides causes, prevention and rehabilitation;  Earthquake-resistant structures.

Geology Optional Syllabus of Optional Paper II: 

The Table below contains the syllabus of Geology Optional for the UPSC Optional Paper II:

Topics Sub Topics
1. Mineralogy
  • Classification of crystals into systems and classes of symmetry; International system of crystallographic notation; Use of projection diagrams to represent crystal symmetry; Elements of X-ray crystallography. 
  • Physical and chemical characters of rock forming silicate mineral groups; Structural classification of silicates; Common minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks; Minerals of the carbonate, phosphate, sulphide and halide groups; Clay minerals. 
  • Optical properties of common rock forming minerals; Pleochroism, extinction angle, double refraction, birefringence, twinning and dispersion in minerals. .
2. Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
  • Generation and crystallisation of magmas. Crystallisation of albite—anorthite, diopside—anorthite and diopside—wollastonite—silica systems. Bowen’s Reaction Principle; Magmatic differentiation and assimilation. Petrogenetic significance of the textures and structures of igneous rocks. Petrography and petrogenesis of granite, syenite, diorite, basic and ultrabasic groups, charnockite, anorthosite and alkaline rocks. Carbonatites. Deccan volcanic province. 
  • Types and agents of metamorphism. Metamorphic grades and zones; Phase rule. Facies of regional and contact metamorphism; ACF and AKF diagrams; Textures and structures of metamorphic rocks. Metamorphism of arenaceous, argillaceous and basic rocks; Minerals assemblages. Retrograde metamorphism; Metasomatism and granitisation, migmatites. Granulite terrains of India. .
3. Sedimentary Petrology
  • Sedimentas and Sedimentary rocks: Processes of formation; digenesis and lithification; Clastic and non-clastic rocks-their classification, petrography and depositional environment; Sedimentary facies and provenance. Sedimentary structures and their significance. Heavy minerals and their significance. Sedimentary basins of India. 
4. Economic Geology
  • Ore, ore mineral and gangue, tenor of ore. Classification of ore  deposits; Processes of formation of mineral deposits; Controls of ore localisation; Ore texures and structures; Metallogenic epochs and provinces; Geology of the important Indian deposits of aluminium, chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead, zinc, manganese, titanium, uranium and thorium and  industrial minerals; Deposits of coal and petroleum in India, National Mineral Policy; Conservation and utilization of mineral resources. Marine mineral resources and Law of Sea.
5. Mining Geology
  • Methods of prospecting—geological, geophysical, geochemical and geobotanical; Techniques of sampling. Estimation of reserves of ore; Methods of exploration and mining-metallic ores, industrial minerals, marine mineral resources and building stones.  Mineral beneficiation and ore dressing. 
6. Geochemistry and Environmental Geology
  • Cosmic abundance of elements. Composition of the planets and meteorites. Structure and composition of earth and distribution of elements. Trace elements. Elements of crystal chemistry-types of chemical bonds, coordination number. Isomorphism and polymorphism. Elementary thermodynamics. 
  • Natural hazards—floods, mass wasting, costal hazards, earthquakes and volcanic activity and mitigation; Environmental impact of urbanization, mining, industrial and radioactive waste disposal, use of fertilizers, dumping of mine waste and fly-ash. Pollution of ground and surface water, marine pollution. Environment protection—legislative measures in India; Sea level changes: causes and impact.

Geology Optional Exam Pattern for UPSC Mains  

The exam pattern for the Geology Optional in the UPSC Mains Exam is structured as follows:  

  • The Geology Optional in the UPSC Mains Exam consists of two papers (Paper-1 and Paper-2), each carrying 250 marks, making a total of 500 marks for the optional subject.  
  • In each of the papers, candidates are required to attempt a total of FIVE questions. Questions 1 and 5 are compulsory in each paper. 
  • Candidates must then choose and answer THREE additional questions from the remaining ones. It is essential to select at least one question from each section of the paper.
Paper Marks Number of Questions Compulsory Questions Choice Questions Duration
Paper I 250 5 Questions 1 and 5 Choose 3 out of the remaining 3 Hours
Paper II 250 5 Questions 1 and 5 Choose 3 out of the remaining 3 Hours

For candidates selecting Geology as an optional subject in the UPSC exam, accessing the right resources is essential for a comprehensive grasp of the subject and effective coverage of the syllabus. Geology, encompassing diverse topics such as Mineralogy, Petrology, Stratigraphy, Paleontology, and Economic Geology, demands a wide-ranging set of books for thorough preparation. Below is a curated list of essential books for Geology Optional Paper I and Paper II, designed to aid candidates in their study.

Geology Optional Books: Paper I

S.No. Book Author(s)
1 Fundamentals of Physical Geology S.K. Ghosh
2 Textbook of Geology P.K. Mukherjee
3 Engineering and General Geology Parbin Singh
4 Principles of Petrology G.W. Tyrrell
5 Mineralogy Dexter Perkins
6 Structural Geology Marland P. Billings
7 Palaeontology: An Introduction P.S. Bansal

Geology Optional Books: Paper II

S.No. Book Author(s)
1 Sedimentary Rocks in the Field Maurice E. Tucker
2 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology John D. Winter
3 Economic Geology U. Prasad
4 Applied Hydrogeology of Fractured Rocks B.B.S. Singhal & R.P. Gupta
5 Geochemistry William M. White
6 Environmental Geology Keller
7 Principles of Engineering Geology K.M. Bangar

Geology Optional Strategies for UPSC CSE Preparation

To achieve success in the Geology optional for the UPSC CSE, it is vital to have a detailed and focused approach to preparation, given the breadth and depth of the syllabus. The following strategies and tips are crafted to guide aspirants in navigating through Geology as their optional subject efficiently:

  • Familiarise Yourself with the Syllabus: Begin by thoroughly understanding the syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II. 
  • Establish Clear Concepts: Geology is a science that combines a variety of disciplines, including Mineralogy, Petrology, Paleontology, Stratigraphy, and Economic Geology. A solid grasp of these fundamental concepts is essential for addressing both theoretical and practical questions effectively.
  • Utilise Quality Reference Books: Selecting reputable and comprehensive textbooks and reference materials in Geology is key to building a strong knowledge base. 
  • Make Your Own Notes for Revision Purpose: Personalised notes are incredibly beneficial for revision. Summarise key concepts, diagrams, geological processes, and case studies in your own words to enhance memory retention and quick revision before the exam.
  • Practice with Previous Year’s Papers: Reviewing and solving past years’ question papers will acquaint you with the UPSC’s question format, marking scheme, and the depth of application required.
  • Prioritise Revision and Answer-Writing Practice: Regularly revisiting the syllabus and practising answer writing are pivotal for keeping the extensive content of Geology fresh in your mind. 
  • Attempt Full-Length Tests: This approach not only tests your readiness but also builds stamina and improves your ability to manage time effectively during the actual UPSC examination.

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Geology Optional Previous Year Question Papers 

The table below contains the direct PDF links of the Previous Year Question Papers of Geology Optional Paper I and Paper II:

UPSC CSE Geology Optional PYQ 2023
UPSC CSE Geology Optional Paper I (2023) UPSC CSE Geology Optional Paper II (2023)
UPSC CSE Geology Optional PYQ 2022
UPSC CSE Geology Optional Paper I (2022) UPSC CSE Geology Optional Paper II (2022)
UPSC CSE Geology Optional PYQ 2021
UPSC CSE Geology Optional Paper I (2021) UPSC CSE Geology Optional Paper II (2021)
UPSC CSE Geology Optional PYQ 2020
UPSC CSE Geology Optional Paper I (2020) UPSC CSE Geology Optional Paper II (2020)

 

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UPSC Geology Optional Paper FAQs

The Geology Optional covers a wide range from Physical Geology to Economic Geology, including Mineralogy, Petrology, and Paleontology, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of Earth sciences.

Geology Optional offers an interdisciplinary approach, covering crucial topics like environmental science and resource management, beneficial for scoring and applicable to global issues.

Essential books include "Fundamentals of Physical Geology" by S.K. Ghosh and "Textbook of Geology" by P.K. Mukherjee, covering key concepts thoroughly.

The Geology Optional consists of two papers, each worth 250 marks, requiring candidates to attempt five questions with a mix of compulsory and choice-based questions.

Key strategies include a thorough understanding of the syllabus, regular revision, practising with past papers, and focusing on diagrammatic representations for clarity.
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 Final Result – CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2023.   Udaan-Prelims Wallah ( Static ) booklets 2024 released both in english and hindi : Download from Here!     Download UPSC Mains 2023 Question Papers PDF  Free Initiative links -1) Download Prahaar 3.0 for Mains Current Affairs PDF both in English and Hindi 2) Daily Main Answer Writing  , 3) Daily Current Affairs , Editorial Analysis and quiz ,  4) PDF Downloads  UPSC Prelims 2023 Trend Analysis cut-off and answer key

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UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
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Quick Revise Now !
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध

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