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May 9, 2024 3698 0
The Gupta Empire had a strong economy with good farming, busy trade, and progress in mining. Giving land to some people helped farming but made society uneven. Making gold coins showed how rich and cultured the empire was. Even with problems like taxes and unfair loans, the Gupta Empire stayed strong, leaving behind a legacy of wealth and culture.
Paharpur Copper Plate Inscription:
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAND GRANTS
Agrahara grants | These were given to Brahmins. It was perpetual, hereditary and tax-free. |
Devagraha grants | A land grant in favour of a Brahmin as well as gifts to merchants for the repair and worship of temples. |
Secular grants | Grants made to feudatories of Guptas. |
TYPES OF TENURES | NATURE OF HOLDING |
Nivi dharma | Endowment of land under a kind of trusteeship was prevalent in North and Central India and Bengal. |
Nivi dharma aksayana | A perpetual endowment. The recipient could make use of income derived from it. |
Aprada dharma | Income from land could be enjoyed, but the recipient was not permitted to gift it to anyone. The recipient had no administrative rights either. |
Bhumichchi-dranyaya | Right of ownership acquired by a person who made barren land cultivable for the first time. This land was free from any rent liability. |
Kulyavapa and Dronavapa were different measurements of land during the Gupta period. [UPSC 2020] |
TAX | NATURE |
Bhaga | King’s customary share of the produce normally amounting to one-sixth of the produce paid by cultivators. |
Bhoga | Periodic supply of fruits, firewood, flowers, etc., which the village had to provide to the king. |
Kara | Periodic tax levied on the villagers (not a part of the annual land tax). |
Bali | It was a voluntary offering by the people to the king but later became compulsory. It was an oppressive tax. |
Udianga | Either a sort of police tax for the maintenance of police stations or a water tax. Hence, it was also an extra tax. |
Uparikara | It was also an extra tax. |
Hiranya | Literally, it means the tax payable on gold coins, but in practise, it was probably the king’s share of certain crops paid in kind. |
Vata-Bhuta | Different kinds of cess for maintenance of rites for the winds (Vata) and the spirits (Bhuta) |
Halivakara | A plough tax paid by every cultivator owning a plough. |
Sulka | A royal share of merchandise brought into a town or harbour by merchants. Hence, it can be equated with customs and tolls. |
Klipta and Upaklipta | Related to the sale and purchase of lands. |
Export and Import Items
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Conclusion
The Gupta Empire had a thriving economy with farming, trade, and mining. While giving land helped farming, it also made some people richer than others. The gold coins they made showed how rich and cultured they were. Despite problems like taxes and bad loans, the Gupta Empire stayed powerful, leaving a rich legacy of wealth and culture.
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