Context

The Supreme Court recently ruled that advocates cannot be held liable for deficiency of service under the Consumer Protection Act (CPA), 1986.

Advocates Not Liable Under Consumer Protection Act For Deficiency Of Services, Supreme Court

• The court decided that lawyer services were not meant to be included under the Consumer Protection Act, reversing a 2007 National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) judgment that had included lawyer services under section 2(o) of the 1986 Act.
  • Section 2(o) of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 provides the definition of “Services” as per the act.
• The judgment stems from an appeal against the 2007 NCDRC decision where it was held that lawyers’ services fall under the definition of services provided under Section 2(o) of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
• Reevaluation of Previous Rulings: The court suggested that the decision in Indian Medical Association v V.P. Shantha (1995), which included medical services under the CPA, should be reconsidered by a larger bench to align with the current understanding of professional services.

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Arguments by Petitioners

• Conflicting Duties of Lawyers: Lawyers, bound by the Bar Council of India Rules, must prioritize their duty to the court over their clients’ desires, including refusing cases where clients insist on using unfair means. 
  • This inherent conflict between the duties to the court, the opponent, and the client makes their role distinct from other professionals who can act solely as their clients’ agents.
• Unpredictability in Legal Outcomes:  Legal outcomes are unpredictable due to the complexity of laws and the adversarial nature of proceedings, distinguishing lawyers from other professionals 
• No Universal Standard of Care in Law: Unlike the medical field where a universal standard of care is established through scientific methods, the legal profession lacks such objective standards. Each lawyer’s approach varies significantly.
• Existing Disciplinary Mechanisms: The petitioners argued that there were adequate existing mechanisms for addressing professional misconduct within the legal profession. 
  • The Advocates Act, 1961, and the disciplinary powers vested in the State and National Bar Councils provide a framework to deal with any lapses, rendering additional consumer protection measures unnecessary.

Argument by the Respondents

Since there was no one to appear for the respondents, court appointed an amicus curiae (friend of the court) to assist the bench from a neutral standpoint.

• Dual Role of Lawyers: Lawyers represent their clients before the courts and act as ‘agents’, i.e. someone who acts as an extension of the client outside of the service provider-consumer relationship defined by the CPA.
• Legal Services Beyond Litigation: Lawyers who offer services outside of courtroom proceedings, such as providing legal opinions or drafting documents, could fall under the scope of the CPA as these activities do not involve acting as agents in a legal representation capacity.

Supreme Court’s Rationale behind the Judgment

• Distinction Between Profession and Business: The court highlighted the difference between ‘business’ and ‘trade’ — which involve commercial interests — and ‘profession’, which relies on specialized knowledge or science. The unpredictable factors influencing success in professions distinguish them from typical business activities covered under the CPA.
• Contractual Nature of Legal Services: It was determined that the relationship between an advocate and a client is a ‘contract of personal service’, as clients have significant control over how advocates perform their services. 
  • This relationship exempts them from the scope of the CPA, which generally does not cover personal service contracts.
• Role and Expectations of Advocates: The court emphasized that the legal profession is service-oriented and noble, requiring advocates to be fearless and independent in upholding citizens’ rights, judicial independence, and the rule of law, which contributes to their unique role in society.
• Impact on the Justice System: The bench noted that an advocate’s actions influence not only the client but also the entire justice delivery system, underlining the unique nature of the legal profession.

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