Recently, India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for civil nuclear cooperation.

Overview of India- UAE Civil Nuclear Energy Agreement

• Key Deal: The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) signed an agreement with the Emirates Nuclear Energy Company (ENEC) for the Barakah Nuclear Power Plant’s operations and maintenance.
• UAE’s Nuclear Energy Policy: This aligns with the UAE’s strategy to expand investments in the nuclear energy sector.
• Prime Minister’s Visit: During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the UAE in August 2015, both nations agreed to collaborate on the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
• Areas of Cooperation: Focus areas include nuclear safety, health, agriculture, and science and technology.
• UN General Assembly Meeting (2022): Foreign Ministers from India, France, and the UAE met in New York to launch a trilateral cooperation framework.
  • Focus Areas: The initiative aims to foster joint projects in energy sectors, particularly solar and nuclear energy.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

About Nuclear Energy Agreements

• Nuclear energy agreements are international or bilateral treaties and arrangements focused on the peaceful use of nuclear energy. 
• These agreements aim to facilitate cooperation between countries or organizations in the development, use, and regulation of nuclear energy for civilian purposes. 
• They cover various aspects like technology transfer, fuel supply, safety standards, and non-proliferation commitments. 

Overview of India’s Nuclear Energy Agreements

India has signed civil nuclear cooperation agreements with France, United States, Russia, Namibia, Canada, Argentina, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Australia, Sri Lanka and the United Kingdom etc. 

• India-Russia Nuclear Cooperation: India and Russia share a long-standing nuclear cooperation agreement dating back to the Cold War era. 
  • Russia has been a key partner in the construction of nuclear power plants in India, notably the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KNPP) in Tamil Nadu.
• India-US Civil Nuclear Agreement (2008): Also known as the 123 Agreement, it is a landmark agreement which marked India’s entry into the global nuclear energy market, despite being a non-signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
  • It allowed India to engage in civil nuclear trade with the US and other Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) members.
• India-France Civil Nuclear Agreement (2008): This agreement allowed France to supply nuclear technology and fuel to India.
  • French companies have been involved in plans to construct nuclear reactors in India, such as the proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Maharashtra.
• India-Canada Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (2010): This agreement marked a historic shift in relations, as Canada had imposed sanctions on India after its nuclear tests in 1974. The deal allows Canada to supply uranium to India for its civilian nuclear reactors.
• India-Japan Nuclear Agreement (2016): India and Japan signed a civil nuclear cooperation agreement that allows Japan to export nuclear technology to India. 
  • It reflects Japan’s trust in India’s non-proliferation commitments despite India’s non-signatory status to the NPT.
• India-Kazakhstan Nuclear Cooperation: Kazakhstan is one of the world’s largest uranium producers, and India has signed agreements with Kazakhstan for the supply of uranium.
• India-Australia Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: This agreement allowing Australia to export uranium for India’s civilian nuclear energy program.
  • Australia’s agreement with India is significant because it exports uranium only to countries that are signatories of the NPT. 
• India-United Kingdom Nuclear Agreement (2015): India and the UK signed a civil nuclear cooperation agreement to collaborate on nuclear technology and research.

Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store

Significance Of India’s Nuclear Energy Agreements

These agreements are pivotal in helping India achieve its long-term goals in nuclear energy, while also enhancing its global standing. 

• Global Legitimacy in Nuclear Energy: India’s ability to sign nuclear cooperation agreements with major countries, despite being a non-signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), highlights its global diplomatic success. 
• Reliable Fuel Supply: India has limited domestic uranium resources, and securing long-term uranium supply agreements with countries like Canada, Kazakhstan, and Australia is crucial for maintaining the continuous operation of its nuclear reactors. 
• Infrastructure Growth: The agreements facilitate the construction of new nuclear reactors, which are crucial for generating more electricity to fuel industrialization and economic expansion.
  • India’s agreements with countries like France, Russia, and the US open avenues for foreign investment, bringing in both financial resources and cutting-edge technology.
• Sustainable Development: Nuclear energy supports India’s sustainable development goals by providing a clean, reliable, and large-scale energy source to meet the country’s growing electricity demand without harming the environment.
  • Nuclear energy is a low-carbon power source, and expanding its nuclear capacity will help India meet its climate commitments under the Paris Agreement.
• Adoption of International Best Practices: Agreements with countries that have advanced nuclear industries help India adopt global best practices in nuclear safety, reactor design, waste management, and radiation protection. 
  • India’s engagement with international bodies like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its adherence to Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements (CSAs) ensures safety of its nuclear program.
• Strengthening Civil Nuclear Program: The separation of India’s civilian and military nuclear programs, as part of the 2008 India-US Civil Nuclear Agreement, has allowed India to focus more resources on expanding its civilian nuclear energy program. 

Major Concerns Associated With India’s Nuclear Energy Agreements

Major concerns revolve around issues of safety, security, environmental impact, geopolitical implications, and public opposition. 

• Potential for Nuclear Accidents: One of the biggest concerns with expanding nuclear energy infrastructure is the risk of accidents, as witnessed in disasters like Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011). 
• Safety Protocols and Regulatory Challenges: Despite important roles of Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) and the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), concerns about regulatory independence and the adequacy of safety protocols persist.
  • Protests around proposed nuclear sites, like the Kudankulam plant in Tamil Nadu, have highlighted public safety concerns related to potential accidents or radiation leaks.
• Radioactive Waste Disposal: High-level radioactive waste remains hazardous for thousands of years, and India does not yet have a permanent solution for its disposal.
• • India’s storage facilities for nuclear waste are temporary, and long-term strategies for safely containing and disposing of high-level radioactive waste are still being developed. 
• Dual-Use Technology Risks: Nuclear technology and materials that are intended for peaceful purposes can potentially be diverted to military programs, leading to nuclear proliferation risks. 
• International Scrutiny: Although India is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), its nuclear energy agreements come with obligations for transparency and adherence to non-proliferation norms. 
• Dependence on Foreign Suppliers: India’s nuclear energy program is highly dependent on foreign partners for reactor technology and uranium supply. 
  • This dependence could be a geopolitical vulnerability, especially if diplomatic relations with supplier countries like Russia and US or India and Canada were to deteriorate in the future.
• Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) Membership Issues: India’s non-signatory status to the NPT has blocked its full membership in the NSG.
  • India’s efforts to gain NSG membership face resistance from countries like China.
• Delayed Projects and Cost Overruns: Many of India’s nuclear power projects have faced significant delays and cost overruns. 
• • For instance, the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project has faced delays due to local opposition, regulatory approvals, and financial challenges. 
• Nuclear Liability Law: India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (2010) holds nuclear suppliers liable for compensation in the event of an accident, which is unusual in the global nuclear industry, where operators typically bear the primary liability.
• • Many foreign nuclear suppliers, especially from countries like the US, have expressed reluctance to enter the Indian market due to concerns over the liability law. 

Way Forward for India’s Nuclear Energy Agreements

To maximize the potential of these agreements and address emerging challenges, India needs to take certain strategic steps. 

• Accelerating Reactor Construction: Fast-tracking these projects will help India increase its nuclear energy capacity and meet its growing energy demand.
  • India must expedite the construction of nuclear power plants, as many planned projects, such as the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant, have faced delays.
• Developing Indigenous Technologies: While international collaboration provides advanced technology, India should continue developing indigenous nuclear reactor designs, such as the Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) and the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR). 
  • India should explore the development of Small Modular Reactor (SMRs), which are safer, more flexible, and easier to deploy compared to large nuclear reactors. 
• Diversifying Fuel Sources: Although India has signed agreements with several countries for uranium supply, further diversification is important to avoid disruptions. 
  • Collaborating with additional countries like Namibia, Uzbekistan, or Brazil can secure long-term fuel supplies and ensure steady operations of nuclear reactors.
• Thorium Utilization: India has one of the largest thorium reserves in the world. Developing thorium-based reactors, such as the proposed AHWRs, will offer a more sustainable solution for nuclear energy generation.
• Participation in Global Nuclear Governance: India should actively engage in global nuclear energy forums like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) to help shape the global nuclear governance framework. 
• Developing Comprehensive Waste Management Solutions: Partnering with countries experienced in nuclear waste management (such as Finland or Sweden) will help India develop long-term storage and disposal facilities.
  • The closed nuclear fuel cycle model, where spent fuel is reprocessed and reused, can help minimize waste and optimize fuel usage.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes

Conclusion

By focusing on advanced research, thorium utilization, public engagement, and regulatory reforms, India can unlock the full potential of nuclear energy to meet its energy, environmental, and economic objectives in the coming decades.

DOWNLOAD PDF