ISRO Successfully Tests CE20 Cryogenic Engine

14 Dec 2024

ISRO Successfully Tests CE20 Cryogenic Engine

ISRO achieved a significant milestone with the sea-level hot test of the CE20 cryogenic engine, conducted at the ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu.

About CE20 Cryogenic Engine

  • The CE20 cryogenic engine is a rocket engine that uses liquefied gases as both fuel and oxidizer.
  • These gases are kept at extremely low temperatures to maintain their liquid state.
  • ISRODeveloped by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, the CE20 engine powers the upper stage of the Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM-3)
  • Fuel and Oxidizer Used 
    • Liquid Oxygen (LOX): Acts as the oxidizer. It liquefies at -183°C.
    • Liquid Hydrogen (LH2): Serves as the fuel which liquefies at -253°C.
    • The reaction between LOX and LH2 generates thrust for propulsion.
  • Features
    • Engine Restart Capability: Equipped with a multi-element igniter, enabling the engine to restart mid-mission, crucial for missions like Gaganyaan.
      • This test validated ISRO’s ability to perform vacuum ignition without nozzle closure, advancing its cryogenic propulsion capabilities.
    • Nozzle Protection System: Prevents flow separation in the nozzle and reduces vibrations enhancing performance and simplifies testing procedures.
    • High Efficiency: Provides increased thrust and enhances payload capacity.
  • Applications: Primarily used in the upper stages of rockets, where high efficiency is essential for placing satellites or spacecraft into orbit.
    • The engine, initially qualified for 19 tonnes of thrust, has been upgraded to:
    • 20 tonnes for the Gaganyaan mission, India’s first manned spaceflight.
    • 22 tonnes for the C32 stage, enhancing the payload capacity of the LVM3 rocket.

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Other Cryogenic Engines Used by ISRO

  • KVD-1: Supplied by the Soviet Union in the 1980s.
    • Served as the foundation for India’s cryogenic engine development.
  • CE-7.5: An indigenous cryogenic engine developed by India.
    • Based on the design of the KVD-1.
  • Only six countries have developed their own cryogenic engine technology:
    • United States, France/European Space Agency, Russia, China, Japan and India.

Future Prospects

  • The test paves the way for improved cryogenic engine testing methods and supports future missions requiring high-thrust capabilities.
  • The enhancements contribute to India’s ambitions for manned space exploration and heavier payload launches.

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