Recently, during the three-day Jallikattu event in Madurai, a bull tamer lost his life, and 75 participants sustained injuries.
- The event, part of the Pongal harvest festival, featured 1,100 bulls and 900 tamers.
About Jallikattu
- Definition: Also known as Eruthazhuvuthal, Jallikattu is a traditional bull-taming sport held during the Pongal festival in Tamil Nadu.
- Variations: Vadi manjuviraṭṭu, Vēli viraṭṭu, Vaṭam manjuviraṭṭu are the variants of this sport.
- Objective: Contestants attempt to tame a bull to win a prize. If unsuccessful, the bull’s owner claims the prize.
- Cultural Significance: Celebrates nature, expresses gratitude for a bountiful harvest, and includes cattle worship.
- Regions: Popular in districts such as Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, Theni, Pudukkottai, and Dindigul.
- Breed Used: Pulikulam, native to Sivagangai district, is commonly used in Jallikattu.
- Ancient Origins: References to bull taming are found in a seal from Mohenjodaro (2,500–1,800 BC).
- Tamil Literature: Jallikattu is mentioned in Silappadikaram by Ilango, a Sangam-era Tamil epic.
Animal Welfare Board of India Vs A. Nagaraja Case (2014)
- Context: The case challenged the legality of Jallikattu (bull-taming sport) in Tamil Nadu, citing animal cruelty under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.
- Court Verdict:
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- The Supreme Court banned Jallikattu, citing violation of animal rights and cruelty towards bulls.
- Recognized animals’ right to live with dignity and freedom from unnecessary pain under Article 21 (Right to Life).
- Directed stricter enforcement of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act.
- Encouraged amendments to enhance animal welfare and upheld the constitutional duty under Article 51A(g) to protect living creatures
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- Article 48A: States must improve animal welfare, safeguard wildlife, and ensure animal population growth.
- Article 51A(g): It is a fundamental duty of citizens to show compassion for animals and protect wildlife.
- Article 21: Right to life includes animal life, emphasizing dignity and fair treatment.
- Article 29(1): Protects the cultural rights of citizens, including traditional practices like Jallikattu.
- Entry 17, List III: Allows both the central and state governments to legislate on preventing cruelty to animals.
Recent Developments
- Legal Framework: Jallikattu was banned (2014–2016) but reinstated by the Tamil Nadu government in 2017 via amendments to the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act.
- Supreme Court Verdict (2023): Upheld Tamil Nadu’s law allowing Jallikattu, citing its cultural importance.
Arguments For and Against Jallikattu
Arguments For Jallikattu |
Arguments Against Jallikattu |
Cultural Significance: Integral to Tamil Nadu’s heritage and celebrated during the Pongal harvest festival. |
Animal Cruelty: Causes unnecessary pain, suffering, and stress to bulls, violating animal welfare laws. |
Community Involvement: Fosters community spirit, engages rural participation, and strengthens traditions. |
Safety Concerns: Risks to human lives and injuries to both tamers and spectators during the event. |
Economic Role: Supports the rural economy by sustaining native cattle breeds like Pulikulam. |
Violation of Rights: Breaches animal rights to dignity and freedom from cruelty, as per Article 21. |
Breed Preservation: Protects indigenous breeds, ensuring their survival and agricultural utility. |
Global Criticism: Faces opposition from animal welfare groups citing inhumane practices. |
Legal Backing: Tamil Nadu amended laws to ensure compliance with constitutional provisions. |
Ethical Concerns: Questions the justification of animal exploitation for entertainment and sport. |
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Similar Sports and festivals Involving Animals
Sport/Festival |
State |
Description |
Occasion/Festival |
Kambala |
Karnataka |
Traditional buffalo race held in water-filled paddy fields. |
Harvest festivals |
Bullock Cart Racing |
Maharashtra, Punjab |
Bullock carts race against each other in rural fairs and festivals. |
Rural fairs and festivals |
Cockfighting |
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu |
Traditional rooster fights held during festive celebrations. |
Sankranti |
Camel Racing |
Rajasthan |
Camel races showcasing speed and endurance, often during cultural fairs. |
Pushkar Fair and other cultural events |
Dhirio |
Goa |
Traditional bullfighting sport conducted in rural areas. |
Local rural culture |