Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA)

Context: The United States has designated Saudi Arabia as a Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA), significantly upgrading defence cooperation.

About Major Non-NATO Allies

• MNNA is a special U.S. designation granting close security cooperation, priority defence trade, joint training, and interoperability benefits—without offering a mutual defence guarantee.
• Purpose: Strengthens bilateral strategic partnerships where full NATO membership is impractical or inappropriate.
• Origin: MNNA status was first created in 1987 with the Sam Nunn Amendment in the U.S.
• Current Allies under MNNA (21) : Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Morocco, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, South Korea, Thailand, Tunisia, Taiwan (de facto) and Saudi Arabia (2025).
  • India is not an MNNA.
  • India has been designated as a “Major Defence Partner” (MDP) since 2016, granting access to high-end U.S. defence technology.
• Privileges Under MNNA
• • Research & Development Support: Eligible to receive U.S. materials, supplies, or equipment for cooperative research, development, testing, and evaluation activities.
  • War Reserve Stockpiles: Can host U.S.-owned War Reserve Stockpiles on its territory, even outside American military bases.
  • Training Cooperation: Permitted to enter bilateral or multilateral training agreements with the U.S., with reciprocal financial terms covering all direct American costs.
  • Defense Equipment Access: Eligible for priority Excess Defense Articles (EDA) and consideration for purchasing depleted uranium ammunition.

Significance

• The designation deepens U.S.–Saudi strategic alignment, enabling advanced defence cooperation, F-35 sales, joint military initiatives, and long-term partnerships in nuclear, AI, and security sectors.

Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary

Context: A wild male tiger has established a nine-month residence in Gujarat’s Ratanmahal Sanctuary, marking the species’ historic natural return to the state after decades.

• The tiger’s long-term settlement signals improved habitat quality, restored prey base, and elevates Gujarat as the only Indian state naturally hosting lions, leopards, and a tiger together.

About Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary

• Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary is a biodiverse forested landscape known for its rugged terrain, rich wildlife, and cultural association with tribal communities.
• It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1982.
• Location: The sanctuary lies on the Gujarat–Madhya Pradesh border, with nearly 70% of its area falling in Gujarat’s Dahod district and the remainder adjoining Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh.
• Sloth Bear Conservation: Ratanmahal is one of western India’s key habitats for the sloth bear, a species known for aggressive behaviour, rapid movement, and tree-climbing ability.
  • The sloth bear is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, highlighting the sanctuary’s importance for its long-term survival.
• Key Features of the Sanctuary
  • Animals: It hosts leopards, civets, four-horned antelope, langurs, serpent eagles, pit vipers,etc
  • Vegetation: It has dry teak forest with floral  species of Teak, dudhlo, sadad, timru, amla, bamboo, dhavdo, kakadiyo, mahuda, tanach, charoli, ber, jamun, khakhro etc
  • Landscape Linkages: Its connectivity with Madhya Pradesh forests enabled the natural dispersal of the tiger into the region.

India-US Defence Deal

Context: The United States has approved the sale of Excalibur guided artillery shells and Javelin anti-tank systems worth over $90 million to India, strengthening bilateral defence cooperation.

About India–US Defence Deal

• The US cleared 216 M982A1 Excalibur projectiles and 100 Javelin missiles with associated launch units, logistics, and training support.
• The clearance advances India’s major defence acquisitions under the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) route.
  • The FMS route means that the US Government stands as guarantor for all the contractual obligations.

About Excalibur Artillery Shells

• Excalibur is a GPS-guided, precision artillery projectile developed by Raytheon, designed to achieve accurate long-range strikes.
• Features
• • Provides accuracy ranging from 2 to 20 metres depending on variant.
  • Offers a range of 40–57 km, varying with artillery platforms.
  • Compatible with all Indian 155 mm artillery systems, including Bofors, M777, K9 Vajra and Dhanush guns.

About Javelin Anti-Tank Systems

• Javelin is a man-portable, medium-range, fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile jointly developed by Raytheon and Lockheed Martin.
• Features
• • Capable of defeating armour, bunkers and fortified targets with top-attack capability.
  • Operable by a single soldier, with options for remote launch via unmanned platforms.
  • Includes Lightweight Command Launch Units and advanced guidance support.

Significance 

• The deal enhances India’s precision-strike depth, strengthens counter-armour capability, and deepens strategic defence alignment with the United States without altering the regional military balance.

Meerut Bugle

Context: The Meerut Bugle has recently been awarded a Geographical Indication (GI) tag, boosting recognition for this traditional craft.

About Meerut Bugle

• The Meerut Bugle is a brass wind instrument historically associated with drills, ceremonies, and parades of Indian armed forces.
• Meerut’s bugle-making tradition dates back to the late 19th century and parallels the evolution of India’s military culture.
• Materials Used: Made entirely from brass sheets that are manually cut, hammered, shaped using specialised dies, and finely polished.
  • A detachable metal mouthpiece is fitted after multiple stages of moulding and finishing.

Significance

• Served as a command instrument during the British era and continues to hold ceremonial prominence in the Army, paramilitary, and police units.
• Meerut remains the primary supplier for several military and police academies.
• The GI tag is expected to restore respect, ensure authenticity, and improve the economic prospects of local craftsmen.

Other Meerut GI Product: Meerut’s craftsmanship legacy also includes GI-tagged scissors, renowned for durability and precision.

About GI Tag

• A Geographical Indication (GI) identifies products having qualities or reputation tied to their geographic origin, ensuring authenticity and legal protection.
• Origin of GI tagging: France passed the first legislation for GIs in 1824.
  • The nation continued to develop this concept, passing the “Appellation of Origin” legislation in 1919 to protect specific products like wine and cheese from particular regions.
• Awarded By: In India, it is granted by the Geographical Indications Registry, Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
• The first GI tag in India was awarded to Darjeeling Tea in 2004-05.
• Significance
  • Enhances market recognition, export potential, and branding of products.
  • Protects traditional knowledge, benefits local artisans, and promotes sustainable regional development.

World Toilet Day

Context: World Toilet Day highlighted India’s rapid sanitation progress under major national missions, reinforcing global commitments to safe sanitation access.

About World Toilet Day

• World Toilet Day is observed annually  on 19 November  to promote global action to address sanitation gaps affecting 3.4 billion people lacking safely managed sanitation worldwide.
• Origin: Established by the World Toilet Organization in 2001 and recognised as an official UN observance in 2013.
  • The day marks the foundation of the World Toilet Organization on 19 November 2001
  • World Toilet Organization (WTO), located in Singapore is a global non-profit organisation committed to improve toilet and sanitation conditions worldwide.
• Theme for 2025: “Sanitation in a changing world,” stressing  the need for resilient sanitation systems adapted to future environmental and social challenges.
• Significance: Raises awareness on global sanitation inequality, supports progress under SDG 6 which aims to ensure access to clean and safe water and sanitation for all.

Indian Initiatives to Promote Sanitation

• Swachh Bharat Mission (2014)
  • Objective: Eliminate open defecation and build robust rural–urban waste management systems.
  • Achievement: India declared ODF in 2019; WHO estimated 300,000 fewer diarrhoeal deaths and households saved nearly ₹50,000 annually on health costs.
• Urban Sanitation under SBM-U (2014)
  • Objective: Expand toilet access and improve urban waste and septage management.
  • Achievement: By November 2025, 4,692 cities are ODF, 4,314 ODF+, and 1,973 ODF++ with toilet construction exceeding targets.
• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) (2015)
  • Objective: Strengthen urban water supply, sewerage, and sewage treatment.
  • Achievement: 890 sewerage projects worth ₹34,447 crore and 4,622 MLD sewage treatment capacity established or expanded.
  • AMRUT 2.0 was launched in 2021 as  five-year mission, which runs from fiscal year 2021-22 to 2025-26, aims to make cities “water secure” and “self-sustainable” through various water-related projects
• Jal Jeevan Mission (2019)
  • Objective: Provide safe drinking water to rural households and support sustained hygiene.
  • Achievement: Improved water access has reinforced rural sanitation and long-term ODF outcomes nationwide.
• SBM-Gramin Phase II (2020)
  • Objective: Sustain ODF status through solid and liquid waste management.
  • Achievement: ODF Plus villages increased from 1 lakh (2022) to 5.67 lakh (2025), marking 467% growth.

Record Foodgrain Production

Context: India has achieved a historic milestone in agricultural output, with foodgrain production for 2024–25 reaching an all-time high of 357.73 million tonnes, marking the highest increase in a decade

• This surge includes the highest-ever production of rice, wheat, soybean, and groundnut, as per the Final Estimate of Production of Foodgrains for 2024-25 released by the Ministry of Agriculture.

Key Highlights of Record Foodgrain Production

• Overall Foodgrain Production: India has witnessed the highest increase in foodgrain production in the last 10 years, with a rise of 106 million tonnes from 251.54 million tonnes in 2015-16 to the current record of 357.73 million tonnes.
• Crop-Wise Output (2024–25)
• • Rice Production: 122.77 million tonnes of rice, an 8.39% increase from last year’s 113.25 million tonnes.
  • Wheat Production: 117.94 million tonnes of wheat produced in 2024-25.
  • Soybean Production: 15.26 million tonnes of soybean recorded.
  • Groundnut Production: 11.9 million tonnes of groundnut produced in 2024-25.

Key Drivers Behind the Production Surge

• Higher Minimum Support Prices (MSP) and assured procurement: The Minimum Support Price (MSP) procurement for tur, urad, chana, and moong has provided crucial support to farmers.
• Expansion of irrigation coverage under PM Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY).
• Increased farm mechanisation and digital advisory services.
• Better soil monitoring through the Soil Health Card Scheme.

Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development

Context: Recently, former Chilean President Michelle Bachelet received the 2024 Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development in New Delhi.

About Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace

• The Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development honours exceptional contributions toward peace, equality, scientific advancement, and human welfare worldwide.
  Establishment: Instituted in 1986 by the Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust in memory of India’s former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
• Award description: Award includes ₹25 lakh and a citation, presented  annually without distinction of nationality, race, or religion.

About the 2024 Awardee

• Michelle Bachelet, former President of Chile and former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, was honoured for championing democratic rights, gender equality, and global social justice.
• She is recognised for advancing international cooperation and advocating humane development policies worldwide.

Previous year Awardees

• 2023: Daniel Barenboim and Ali Abu Awwad for fostering Israeli–Palestinian dialogue and non-violent conflict resolution.
• 2022: Indian Medical Association and Trained Nurses Association of India for exemplary public health service during COVID crises.
• 2021: Pratham NGO for pioneering work in improving foundational education among children.
• 2019: Sir David Attenborough for global environmental conservation and nature advocacy.
• • It was not awarded in 2020 due to COVID-19 Pandemic.

Significance

• The award recognises creative efforts toward promoting peace, disarmament, racial equality, global harmony, economic cooperation, equitable development, and scientific progress for humanity’s benefit.

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