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Introduction

Technology-led policing enhances efficiency and transparency by reducing delays, strengthening evidence, and ensuring accountability. Integration of forensic science, cyber-analysis, and digital platforms can revolutionize India’s police force, making investigations faster, credible, and citizen-centric while aligning with reforms for Viksit Bharat.

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How scientific tools revolutionise policing

• Forensic DNA: Strengthened CFSLs (Central Forensic Science Laboratories) and state labs under NFIES (National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme) ensure mandatory forensic use in serious crimes. 
• Cyber analysis: I4C (Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre) acts as nodal cybercrime hub, coordinating LEAs and issuing advisories on scams.
• Data integration: ICJS (Interoperable Criminal Justice System) Phase-II links CCTNS (Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems), e-Courts, e-Prisons, e-Forensics for seamless case tracking. 
• Biometric systems: NAFIS created a searchable repository of 1.06 crore fingerprints accessible nationwide.
  Eg: NAFIS (National Automated Fingerprint Identification System) implementation by NCRB.
• Transparency tools: Karnataka police mandated body cameras; Delhi Police piloted BWV under BNSS to reduce complaints.
  Eg: Body camera directive in Karnataka; in Delhi its on pilot basis.

Challenges in adoption

• Skill deficits: Limited cyber-forensic expertise and uneven training hinder effective tool use and analysis. 
• Infrastructure lag: Lab backlogs, bandwidth, and device shortages delay results and reduce impact.
  Eg: Forensic delays and infrastructure issues.
• Interoperability: Fragmented databases and legacy formats impede seamless, real-time information sharing.
  Eg: Integration hurdles in ICJS/CCTNS.
• Privacy risks: Weak safeguards around biometrics and surveillance can erode trust and trigger legal pushback.
  Eg: Data protection debates and compliance needs more clarity and more stringent laws for safeguards.

Addressing challenges

• Sustained investment: Multi-year funding and dedicated central schemes ensure procurement, maintenance, and expansion of forensic infrastructure.
  Eg: National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme with ₹2,254.43 crore allocation (2024–29).
• Capacity building: Scale up training, recruit specialists, and partner with NFSU and academic centres for continuous skill development.
  Eg: Investment announced for National Forensic Sciences University campuses and training initiatives.
• System integration: Link CCTNS/ICJS with forensics, courts and prisons; adopt interoperable standards and APIs for seamless data flow.
• Procedure reforms: Enforce chain-of-custody, uniform collection protocols and judicially acceptable forensic standards nationwide.
• Privacy framework: Enact data-protection safeguards, audit trails, and independent oversight to prevent misuse and build public confidence.

Conclusion

India’s policing future lies in embedding forensic science, cyber-analysis, and integrated IT systems into everyday practice. With strong training, infrastructure, and legal safeguards, technology can transform policing into a transparent, evidence-driven service that strengthens justice delivery and public trust.

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