India ranks first globally in road crash fatalities, with 1.7 lakh deaths in 2023, underscored by tragedies like the Sivaganga (Tamil Nadu) bus collision that killed 11 people. 

Reasons For the Crisis: Human Error

• Dominance of Human Error in Accidents: While poor road infrastructure and design gaps are acknowledged, government reports indicate that nearly 70% of road accidents are caused by human error.
• Forms of Human Error: These human errors include over-speeding, wrong-side driving, and a lack of lane discipline.
• Root Cause: Untrained Drivers: This high incidence of human error is primarily due to inadequately trained drivers on Indian roads.

Institutional Failures- Collapse of the Regional Transport Office (RTO) System

• Intended Role of RTOs: The RTO serves as the first institutional filter, preventing unsafe and unskilled drivers from being allowed on the road.
• Inadequate Driving Tests: In practice, driving tests are often described as “daylight empty circuit tests,” as they fail to assess real-world driving conditions.
• Missing Real-Life Hazard Assessment: These tests do not account for critical scenarios such as traffic congestion, rain, night driving, or darkness, and they ignore the crucial component of hazard perception, which is the ability to anticipate potential threats on the road.
• Capacity Constraints and Systemic Failure: With only about 3,000 to 4,000 inspectors operating across nearly 1,100 RTOs and issuing up to 2 crore driving licences annually, rigorous driver evaluation is practically impossible.
• Consequences of RTO Weaknesses: This severe capacity mismatch has resulted in systemic failure and the growing involvement of agents in the licensing process.

Economic Impact of Road Accidents

• Economic Cost of Road Accidents: The road safety crisis imposes a significant financial burden on India, costing between 3% and 5% of the country’s GDP annually, which amounts to approximately ₹6 to ₹8 lakh crore.
• Impact on the Productive Population: The majority of road accident victims fall within the productive age group of 18 to 45 years.
• Social Consequences for Families: When the primary earner or breadwinner of a family is killed in a road accident, the household is often pushed into poverty.

Way Forward

• Passport Seva–Style RTO Reform: Replicate the Passport Seva Project model in Regional Transport Offices (RTOs) by outsourcing front-end services (form filling, biometrics, appointments) to private IT partners, while the government retains sovereign oversight and enforcement, reducing corruption and delays.
• Singapore-Inspired Driver Training: Modernise driver training using Singapore Safety Driving Centre practices, including hydraulic skid simulators, virtual reality–based hazard perception tests, and night/rain-condition driving tracks to mirror real-world conditions.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)–Based Evaluation: Deploy AI-driven monitoring and assessment systems in driving tests to ensure objective evaluation, eliminate human bias, and curb bribery and discretion.

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Conclusion

Addressing this crisis requires strengthening the RTO system and making substantial investments in healthcare infrastructure, particularly in establishing and upgrading trauma care centres.

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