Answer:

Introduction

Ethical dilemmas in public governance refer to complex situations where decision-makers face moral conflicts between competing values, principles, and obligations, often requiring thoughtful deliberation and ethical analysis to navigate the ethical implications and reach a justifiable course of action.

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Challenging ethical dilemmas faced in public governance

• Privacy vs. Security: Balancing individual privacy rights with the need for enhanced security measures, such as surveillance programs.
• Transparency vs. Confidentiality: It is a complex ethical challenge as the government may face pressure to disclose classified national security information while ensuring it does not compromise public safety.
• Equity in Resource Allocation: For example, deciding on budget allocations for education, healthcare, and infrastructure while considering the needs of marginalized communities.
• Conflicts of Interest: It happens when one’s personal interests conflict with one’s official responsibilities. For example, a government official who holds stocks in a company and must make decisions that could impact the company’s profitability.
• Decision-making in Crisis: Public During times of crisis, such as natural disasters or pandemics, leaders must navigate decisions regarding public safety, and balancing civil liberties with emergency measures as seen in Covid-19 pandemic.
• International Relations: Governments must navigate complex decisions with competing interests while upholding ethical standards and international obligations. For example, dilemmas regarding oil purchase from Russia in the light of the Ukraine conflict.

Imperative for highly innovative and creative approaches to effectively resolve them:

• Complexity of Ethical Dilemmas: For instance, R. K. Mathur, former CIC of India, faced the challenge of balancing the RTI with national security concerns in sensitive cases, requiring creative strategies to find a middle ground.
  
• Policy Innovation: It can address ethical dilemmas in public governance. Nandan Nilekani, who spearheaded the Aadhaar project and facilitated targeted service delivery while addressing concerns related to privacy and data protection.
• Balancing Development and Sustainability: For instance, officials involved in infrastructure projects must find innovative ways to mitigate ecological impacts while fostering growth.
• Corruption and Transparency: Indian civil servants, like Ashok Khemka, an IAS officer, have used technology-driven initiatives to increase accountability and reduce opportunities for unethical practices in land administration.
• Inclusive Governance: They can ensure inclusivity in decision-making processes. For example, civil servants like T.M. Vijay Bhaskar, the former Chief Secretary of Karnataka, has adopted participatory methods to involve marginalized communities.

Creative and innovative approaches can be nurtured and encouraged in the following ways 

• Leadership by Example: For instance, the late K. VijayRaghavan, an IAS officer, was known for his uncompromising integrity and dedication to public service, inspiring those around him.
• Training and Education: Comprehensive training on ethics and being exposed to case studies can challenge them to think creatively. The LBSNAA in Mussoorie regularly conducts workshops on ethical decision-making for civil servants.
• Cross-Departmental Collaboration: This allows public servants to share innovative approaches to ethical challenges. The formation of interdepartmental task forces, like the Joint Secretary- level committee on tax reforms, fosters such collaboration.
• Ethical Hotlines and Counseling: Through these public servants can seek guidance on creative approaches to resolve ethical dilemmas promoting an open and supportive environment.
• Ethical Leadership Programs: They can specifically focus on applications of innovative solutions to navigate complex ethical dilemmas. The Indian School of Business offers a “Ethics by Choice” program designed for civil servants.

Conclusion

Through these measures, India can nurture a culture of creative and innovative approaches to tackling ethical dilemmas among public servants, fostering integrity and effective governance driven by transparency, accountability, equity, and justice.

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