Context

Recently, the  White House has asked NASA to establish a unified time standard for the moon and other celestial bodies, hoping to impose international regulations in space as part of a competitive lunar race.

NASA Will Create a New Time Zone for the Moon, Called Coordinated Lunar Time

• Coordinated Lunar time will serve as a timekeeping baseline for lunar missions, compensating for the differences in gravity forces and other factors that influence time perception on the moon.
• Aim of the Programme: To improve precision in lunar missions, ease data exchanges between spacecraft, and coordinate operations as commercial activities extend on the moon.
• ISS Timekeeping: Due to agreements with many governments, the International Space Station (ISS) works on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which accounts for the station’s orbit and gravity variances.
• Technical obstacles: The lunar environment has unique obstacles for timekeeping, such as gravity forces and the duration of a lunar day, forcing the development of “Coordinated Lunar Time” or “Lunar Standard Time.”

Timekeeping on the Moon

• Moon’s Timing: The Moon has its day-night cycle, which lasts approximately 29.5 Earth days.
• Need for Timekeeping System for Humans: If humans were to reside on the Moon, they would have to create their timekeeping system.
• Measurement of Moon’s time: Currently, time on the Moon is measured in Universal Time Coordinated (UTC), the same timekeeping system used on Earth.
• Difficulty with UTC: However, because the Moon’s day is significantly longer than Earth’s, it would be challenging to use UTC for day-to-day activity there.

About Universal Time Coordinated (UTC)

• About: Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) is a time standard that ensures time consistency worldwide.
• Based Upon: UTC is based on International Atomic Time (TAI), synchronized by atomic clocks worldwide.
• Primary Time Standard: Numerous countries, international organizations, and scientific research institutions use this standard as their primary time.
• Time offset: UTC is a 24-hour clock that represents the time offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+0).
• Time zones: Time zones are specified as an offset from UTC, with some ahead of UTC (UTC+1, UTC+2, etc.) and others behind UTC (UTC-1, UTC-2, etc.).
• Periodic Adjustments: UTC is modified regularly to account for fluctuations in the Earth’s rotation, which can result in variations in day length.
• Sync with Earth’s Rotation: These modifications are achieved by adding leap seconds to UTC, which helps to keep the time standard in sync with the Earth’s rotation.

Need for the Moon Time Zone

• Improved communication: A series of space operations around the moon will require spacecraft and controllers to communicate and determine their whereabouts independently of Earth.
• Universal Time Zone: The primary goal of developing a global timekeeping system for the moon is to improve communication among the various governments and institutions, both governmental and private, that coordinate travels to and around it.
• Successful ISA operational model: The International Space Station (ISA) has no time zone. Instead, it uses Coordinated Universal Time, or UTC, based on atomic clocks.
  • This helps to reduce the time gap between NASA, the Canadian Space Agency, and other space partners in Russia, Japan, and Europe.
• No fixed time zone: Lunar missions have operated according to the time of the country that launched them. However, with many lunar excursions slated for launch, the European Space Agency has declared the existing method unsustainable.

Challenges in Establishing UTC on the Moon

• Difficulty in Syncing Time with Earth: Atomic clocks perfectly measure time on Earth. However, synchronizing time on the moon is difficult because clocks run faster, gaining approximately 58.7  microseconds (millionths of a second) daily.
• Rugged Terrain: It would also be challenging to establish a uniform time zone for the entire Moon, considering the vast differences in terrain and lighting conditions across its surface.
• Irregular and Uneven Movement of the Moon: Any lunar timekeeping system must be able to account for the Moon’s uneven rotation and movement.

Conclusion

Developing a Unified Time Standard for the Moon will require international collaboration. TI -Artemis Accords, an agreement signed by multiple nations, provides a peaceful and cooperative space exploration framework. NASA will work with international partners to define and implement LTC, harmonizing lunar activities globally.

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