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CITIES Full Form, Structure, Functions, and Classification

Ananya Gupta September 30, 2023 12:05 3218 0

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Learn about the full form of CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Explore how CITES regulates global wildlife trade to ensure species conservation and prevent extinction.

CITIES Full Form, Structure, Functions, and Classification

CITES Full Form

CITES stands for the “Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.” CITIES is a pivotal international agreement that addresses the critical issue of protecting and conserving wild animals and plants threatened by international trade. Established in 1973, CITES aims to strike a balance between the demand for these species and their need for survival in their natural habitats.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, often abbreviated as CITES, is an international agreement among governments. Its main goal is to ensure that international trade in wild animals and plants doesn’t threaten their survival. In other words, it aims to prevent species from becoming endangered or extinct due to excessive trade.

CITES Full Form
Full Form Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Established 1973
Members 184 Parties
Appendix Appendix I: Species facing highest risk of extinction; trade highly restricted.

Appendix II: Species not immediately threatened, but trade controlled to prevent future threats.

Appendix III: Species protected by at least one country, seeking cooperation from other Parties.
Goals Prevent extinction of species due to trade, Ensure sustainable trade of species and Combat illegal trade.

Structure of CITES

Structure of CITES

The structure of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is organized to facilitate international cooperation among its member countries (Parties) and to effectively regulate the trade of endangered species. Here’s an overview of its structure:

  1. Conference of the Parties (COP): The highest decision-making body of CITES is the Conference of the Parties. COP meetings are held every few years, where representatives from all member countries gather to discuss and make decisions on various matters related to the implementation and enforcement of the convention. These decisions can include changes to the appendices, adoption of resolutions, and setting policies for the convention’s operation.
  2. Standing Committee: Between COP meetings, the Standing Committee is responsible for overseeing the implementation of CITES decisions and providing guidance to member countries. The committee also addresses urgent matters that require attention before the next COP session.
  3. Secretariat: The CITES Secretariat is based in Geneva, Switzerland. It serves as the administrative arm of the convention and provides support to member countries in implementing CITES regulations. The Secretariat helps facilitate communication and collaboration among Parties, maintains records, and supports enforcement efforts.
  4. Appendices: As previously mentioned, CITES categorizes species into three appendices based on their conservation status and the level of protection they require. These appendices guide the regulation of international trade in these species.
  5. Resolutions and Decisions: COP sessions can result in the adoption of resolutions and decisions that provide guidance and instructions to member countries on specific matters. These can include guidelines for the issuance of permits, strategies for combating illegal trade, and recommendations for conservation actions.
  6. National Management Authorities (NMA) and Scientific Authorities (SA): Each member country designates a National Management Authority and a Scientific Authority. The NMA is responsible for implementing CITES regulations within the country, issuing permits, and overseeing trade. The SA provides scientific expertise and advice on the status of species, trade impacts, and other relevant information.
  7. Parties: The member countries that have ratified or acceded to the CITES convention are referred to as Parties. They commit to implementing the provisions of CITES within their own national legal frameworks and collaborating with other Parties to achieve the convention’s objectives.

Functions of the CITIES

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) serves several important functions to achieve its overarching goal of ensuring the conservation of species threatened by international trade. Some of its key functions include:

  1. Regulation of International Trade: CITES regulates the international trade of species listed in its appendices. By doing so, it aims to prevent over-exploitation and ensure that trade does not threaten the survival of these species.
  2. Conservation of Biodiversity: CITES contributes to the conservation of biodiversity by controlling the trade of species that could become endangered or extinct if not properly managed. It helps protect ecosystems and maintain the delicate balance of nature.
  3. Prevention of Species Extinction: By placing strict controls on the trade of highly endangered species (Appendix I), CITES helps prevent their extinction due to commercial exploitation.
  4. Sustainable Use: For species listed in Appendix II, CITES promotes the sustainable use of these species. This means that trade is allowed, but it must be managed in a way that ensures the species’ survival and benefits local communities.
  5. Scientific Decision-Making: CITES relies on scientific assessments to determine the status of species and the impact of trade on their populations. The involvement of Scientific Authorities helps make informed decisions about which species require protection and how trade should be managed.
  6. Transparency and Accountability: CITES fosters transparency by requiring Parties to report on their implementation of the convention and their efforts to combat illegal trade. This accountability promotes responsible and effective conservation actions.
  7. International Cooperation: The convention promotes international cooperation among its member countries. Parties collaborate to share information, expertise, and resources to collectively address the challenges posed by wildlife trade.
  8. Combatting Illegal Trade: CITES plays a crucial role in combating illegal wildlife trade, which poses a significant threat to many species. The convention’s regulations and enforcement mechanisms help curb this illegal activity.
  9. Public Awareness and Education: CITES raises public awareness about the importance of conserving wildlife and the impacts of trade on species. It educates the public about the need for responsible and sustainable use of natural resources.
  10. Flexibility: CITES allows Parties to propose changes to the appendices based on new information about species’ conservation status. This flexibility ensures that the convention can adapt to changing circumstances and emerging threats.
  11. Capacity Building: The convention supports capacity-building efforts in member countries to enhance their ability to enforce CITES regulations, manage trade, and carry out conservation activities effectively.

CITES Classification or CITES Appendix

The CITES Classification, also known as CITES Appendix, refers to the categorization of species under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This classification is a central aspect of CITES’s efforts to regulate and monitor international trade in various species to ensure their conservation and prevent their overexploitation.

CITES classifies species into three different appendices based on their conservation status and the level of protection they require:

  1. Appendix I: Species listed under Appendix I are those that are most critically endangered and face a high risk of extinction. Trade in these species is strictly regulated and typically allowed only in exceptional cases, such as for scientific research or conservation efforts. The primary goal is to prevent their exploitation for commercial purposes.
  2. Appendix II: Species listed under Appendix II are not necessarily facing immediate extinction but could become threatened if their trade is not controlled. Trade in these species is allowed, but it requires permits to ensure that it is sustainable and doesn’t harm their populations.
  3. Appendix III: Species listed under Appendix III are protected in at least one member country that seeks cooperation from other CITES Parties to regulate their international trade. This cooperation helps ensure that species facing conservation concerns in specific regions are also protected on a global scale.

What have the contributions of CITES been?

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has made significant contributions to global conservation efforts and has had a positive impact on various aspects of wildlife protection, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable trade. Some of its key contributions include:

  1. Species Conservation: CITES has played a crucial role in preventing the extinction of numerous species by regulating their international trade. By placing restrictions on the trade of endangered and threatened species, it has helped ensure their survival and recovery.
  2. Biodiversity Preservation: The convention has contributed to the preservation of biodiversity by addressing the unsustainable trade that can harm ecosystems and disrupt natural balances. By protecting individual species, CITES indirectly safeguards the health and diversity of entire ecosystems.
  3. Combating Illegal Trade: CITES has been instrumental in combatting illegal wildlife trade, which poses a serious threat to many species. Its regulations and enforcement mechanisms have helped reduce the demand for and profitability of illegally traded wildlife products.
  4. Public Awareness: CITES has raised public awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation and the consequences of trade-related threats to species. This increased awareness has led to greater public support for conservation efforts.
  5. Scientific Collaboration: The convention relies on scientific expertise to make informed decisions about the status of species and their trade implications. This collaboration between scientists, governments, and conservation organizations strengthens the foundation for conservation actions.
  6. International Cooperation: CITES fosters international cooperation by bringing countries together to address shared challenges related to wildlife trade and conservation. It encourages the exchange of knowledge, resources, and best practices among member countries.
  7. Community Benefits: CITES promotes the sustainable use of species, especially those in Appendix II, which can provide benefits to local communities. This approach supports livelihoods while ensuring species’ long-term survival.
  8. Policy Development: The convention has influenced policy development in member countries, leading to the incorporation of CITES principles into national legislation and strategies for wildlife conservation and trade.
  9. Conservation Funding: CITES has facilitated funding for conservation projects through mechanisms such as the CITES Secretariat’s Capacity-building and Enforcement Assistance Fund. These funds help member countries enhance their capacity to implement CITES regulations effectively.
  10. Adaptation to Change: CITES has demonstrated its ability to adapt to changing circumstances, such as shifts in trade patterns and emerging conservation threats. It can adjust the protection status of species based on updated scientific information and evolving conservation needs.
  11. Promotion of Sustainable Trade: By regulating trade in species, CITES encourages sustainable trade practices that benefit both conservation and economic development. This approach contributes to the long-term viability of industries reliant on wildlife resources.

CITES and India: What is the Scenario?

India is a significant participant in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Here’s an overview of the scenario between CITES and India:

  1. Membership: India is a Party to CITES, which means it has ratified the convention and is bound by its regulations. As a member, India is committed to implementing CITES provisions within its national legal framework.
  2. Biodiversity: India is one of the world’s most biodiverse countries, with a rich variety of wildlife and plant species. Many of these species are found only in India and are of global conservation importance.
  3. Appendices: India has species listed in various appendices of CITES. Some species may be listed in Appendix I due to their critically endangered status, while others might be in Appendix II to ensure sustainable trade.
  4. Tiger Conservation: India is home to the majority of the world’s wild tigers. CITES has played a role in supporting India’s efforts to conserve these iconic species by regulating the trade in tiger parts and products.
  5. Ivory Trade: India has taken steps to address the issue of illegal ivory trade. CITES regulations help control the trade of elephant ivory to prevent poaching and illegal trafficking.
  6. Enforcement and Implementation: India has taken measures to enforce CITES regulations within its borders. This includes designating National Management Authorities (NMA) and Scientific Authorities (SA) responsible for overseeing CITES-related matters.
  7. Conservation Projects: India has received funding and support for various conservation projects through CITES mechanisms. These projects focus on capacity building, enforcement, and biodiversity protection.
  8. International Collaboration: India participates in international discussions and collaborations related to CITES. The country contributes its expertise in biodiversity conservation and management to these global efforts.
  9. Challenges: India faces challenges related to illegal wildlife trade, habitat loss, and human-wildlife conflict. CITES provides a framework for addressing these issues through regulation, enforcement, and cooperation.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Act Highlights

Key aspects of the Conference of the Parties (CoP) meeting and the discussions around the trade in ivory.

  1. CoP of CITES (World Wildlife Conference): The CoP of CITES is a gathering of representatives from all 184 Parties (member countries) to the convention. During this conference, various proposals and decisions related to the conservation and trade of endangered species are discussed, voted on, and potentially adopted.
  2. Right to Attend, Propose, and Vote: Each Party to CITES has the right to attend the CoP, propose changes, present their viewpoints, and vote on decisions. This democratic process allows for collaboration and decision-making on matters related to the international trade of endangered species.
  3. India’s Position on Ivory Trade Proposal: In this instance, India chose not to vote against a proposal related to re-opening international trade in ivory. The exact context and reasons for this decision would require more information about the specific proposal and India’s stance.
  4. Defeat of Ivory Trade Proposal: The proposal to allow a regular controlled trade in ivory from Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe was defeated by a vote of 83-15 at the CoP meeting. This proposal aimed to establish a legal framework for the trade in ivory from these countries.

About International Ivory Trade

The international ivory trade refers to the buying and selling of ivory, which is a valuable material obtained from the tusks of elephants and, to a lesser extent, other animals like walruses and narwhals. Ivory has historically been used for various purposes, including crafting intricate sculptures, jewelry, and decorative items.

However, the international ivory trade has been a significant contributor to the decline of elephant populations, particularly African elephants. Poaching, driven by the demand for ivory, has led to a devastating decrease in elephant numbers due to illegal hunting and the illegal trade of ivory products. This has serious ecological and ethical implications and threatens the survival of these majestic animals.

In response to the detrimental impact of the ivory trade on elephant populations and ecosystems, several measures have been taken:

  1. CITES: The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has listed elephants on Appendix I, which provides the highest level of protection. This means that international trade in ivory from African elephants is almost entirely banned, except for exceptional circumstances and with appropriate permits.
  2. Ivory Ban: Many countries have implemented domestic bans on ivory trade to curb illegal activities and protect elephants. These bans prohibit the import, export, and domestic trade of ivory and ivory products.
  3. Awareness and Advocacy: Conservation organizations, governments, and individuals have worked to raise awareness about the impact of the ivory trade on elephants and to advocate for stronger regulations to combat poaching and illegal trade.
  4. Demand Reduction: Reducing the demand for ivory products is crucial to ending the illegal trade. This involves educating consumers about the ethical and ecological consequences of buying ivory and promoting alternative materials and products.
  5. Enforcement: Strengthened law enforcement efforts are essential to combat illegal wildlife trade. This includes improved monitoring, stricter penalties for poachers and traffickers, and cooperation between countries to track and apprehend those involved in the trade.
  6. Community Engagement: In some cases, involving local communities in conservation efforts and providing them with alternative livelihoods can reduce the incentive to participate in illegal activities like poaching.
  7. Technological Innovation: Advanced technologies such as DNA analysis and satellite tracking have been used to track the origin of illegal ivory and gather information on poaching activities.

CITES Appendix UPSC: India’s Stand on Ivory Trade

India’s historical stance on the ivory trade and its involvement with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). India’s strong commitment to the conservation of elephants and the prevention of ivory trade:

  1. CITES Appendix I Listing (1975): The inclusion of the endangered Asian elephant in CITES Appendix I reflects the international recognition of the need to protect this species from the trade in ivory.
  2. Domestic Ivory Ban (1986): India’s amendment to The Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 to ban domestic sales of ivory demonstrates the country’s dedication to curbing illegal trade and protecting its elephant population.
  3. African Ivory Import Ban (1991): By banning the import of African ivory in 1991, India extended its commitment beyond its own elephant population to address the broader issue of global ivory trade.
  4. CITES CoP3 and Logo Design: India’s contribution to the iconic CITES logo in the form of an elephant, designed during CoP3 in 1981, signifies the country’s active involvement and leadership in global conservation efforts.
  5. Consistent Stance: The historical consistency of India’s stance on the ivory issue highlights the unwavering dedication to protecting elephants and combating the illegal ivory trade.

CITES: Change in India’s Stance

The recent agreement and cooperation between India and Namibia, particularly regarding the transfer of cheetahs and broader areas of collaboration. This collaboration reflects a multi-faceted effort between the two countries to enhance biodiversity conservation and promote sustainable environmental practices. Some key points from the information you’ve shared include:

  1. Cheetah Transfer and Abstention: India’s abstention in the context of CITES was in line with an agreement between India and Namibia regarding the transfer of cheetahs. This agreement involved the transfer of cheetahs from Namibia to India, indicating a bilateral cooperation for species conservation.
  2. Biodiversity Conservation: The agreement between India and Namibia emphasizes biodiversity conservation, particularly the restoration of cheetahs in their former range areas. This demonstrates both countries’ commitment to preserving and restoring endangered species.
  3. Exchange of Expertise: The agreement involves the exchange of expertise and capacities in the field of biodiversity conservation. This exchange allows for the sharing of knowledge and best practices in wildlife management.
  4. Sustainable Biodiversity Utilization: The collaboration extends to sustainable biodiversity utilization. Both countries aim to share good practices in terms of technological applications, livelihood generation for local communities, and sustainable management of biodiversity resources.
  5. International Forums, Including CITES: The collaboration also extends to international forums such as meetings of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Both countries plan to support advancements in biodiversity conservation and related areas at such forums.
  6. Environmental Areas of Collaboration: The agreement also highlights collaboration in areas beyond biodiversity conservation, including climate change, environmental governance, pollution, and waste management. This indicates a comprehensive approach to environmental cooperation.
  7. Capacity Building and Training: The collaboration includes initiatives to enhance the capacity of Namibian personnel. This involves training in smart patrol techniques, population estimation methods, and the provision of surveillance and monitoring equipment.
  8. Wildlife Institute Collaboration: The agreement also mentions the allocation of two seats for Namibia at the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. This points to an educational and research-oriented aspect of the collaboration.

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CITIES FAQs

CITES is an international agreement aimed at regulating and monitoring the international trade of endangered wild animals and plants to ensure their survival and prevent their extinction.

CITES classifies species into three appendices based on their conservation status. Trade in species listed in these appendices is regulated, with varying degrees of control depending on the level of threat.

CoP is the decision-making body of CITES, where member countries meet to discuss and make decisions on various matters related to the convention's implementation, species listing, and other conservation issues.

Ivory trade has driven elephant poaching, leading to drastic declines in elephant populations. CITES plays a critical role in regulating ivory trade and protecting elephants from illegal hunting.

CITES enhances enforcement through its regulations and supports law enforcement agencies in member countries. It also encourages information sharing, capacity building, and cooperation to counter illegal wildlife trade.

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