Researchers at Stanford University and the Arc Institute have successfully created the world’s first functioning virus genome designed entirely by artificial intelligence (AI).

• This marks a new milestone in biotechnology, moving from reading DNA (sequencing) and writing it (synthesis) to now designing it.

Significance of the Breakthrough

• Previous AI applications in biology were limited to designing individual proteins or small multi-gene systems.
• Creating a complete viral genome is far more complex, requiring orchestration of multiple interacting genes and regulatory elements to ensure replication, host specificity, and evolutionary fitness.

The Methodology

• Test Case Virus: The researchers selected a tiny virus named bacteriophage ΦX174, which infects E. coli bacteria. 
  • This virus was also the first genome ever to be fully sequenced (1977) and the first synthesized from scratch (2003).
• AI Model: A genomic language model named ‘Evo’ was used. 
  • It was fine-tuned on thousands of genomes from the virus’s family, enabling it to understand and generate new genomes in the specific “dialect” of ΦX174.
• Generation: Using prompts, the AI generated thousands of candidate genomes. 
• Screening: The team then used custom software to perform quality checks, ensuring each design had the essential genes and proteins required to infect E. coli.
• Synthesis and Testing: Hundreds of the AI-designed genomes were synthesized in the lab and inserted into bacteria. 
  • This process resulted in the emergence of 16 new, functional viruses from 302 attempts.

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