As per the article Coastal Blue Carbons, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) mangrove and coastal wetlands store three to five times more carbon per equivalent area than tropical forests.
Mangroves
- Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that thrive in coastal intertidal zones.
- For Example , Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina are mangroves variety found in India
- Mangroves play a crucial role in blue carbon sequestration:
- High Carbon Storage: Mangrove soils store carbon at rates significantly higher than terrestrial forests.
- Long-term Carbon Burial: Organic matter accumulates in anoxic soils, leading to long-term carbon storage.
- Coastal Protection: Mangroves reduce erosion and act as buffers against storms, safeguarding carbon-rich sediments.
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Key Findings on Blue Carbon
- Mangroves and coastal wetlands sequester carbon at a rate 10 times higher than mature tropical forests annually.
- Mangroves alone have the capacity to store over 1,000 tons of carbon per hectare.
- Restoring just 10% of degraded mangroves globally could sequester an additional 1.6 billion tons of carbon.
- Degradation is primarily driven by human activities like agriculture, aquaculture, and urban development.
About Blue Carbon
- Blue Carbon refers to the carbon captured by oceanic and coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes.
These ecosystems are critical in mitigating climate change as they act as nature’s most efficient carbon sinks.- Blue Carbon method: The Australian government’s Blue Carbon Method under the Emissions Reduction Fund aims to incentivize coastal wetland restoration by allowing such projects to generate carbon credits.
- This method has seen gradual progress, driven by clear guidelines and robust verification processes.
- A notable example is the tidal restoration project in South Australia.
- As of December 18, 2024, approximately 16.45 million Australian Carbon Credit Units (ACCUs) have been issued under this scheme, demonstrating the potential of this approach to mitigate climate change and restore valuable ecosystems.
- Global Initiative: IUCN engages in Blue Carbon initiatives through the Blue Natural Capital Financing Facility (BNCFF) and the Blue Carbon Accelerator Fund (BCAF).
Significance of Blue Carbon Ecosystems
- Climate Change Mitigation: Serve as effective carbon sinks to reduce atmospheric carbon.
Colour-Based Classification of Carbon
- Scientists classify carbon into different types based on its function, characteristics, and location in the carbon cycle. Here are the main types:
- Types of Carbon
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- Purple Carbon: Carbon from air or industrial emissions.
- Blue Carbon: Carbon stored in marine plants and sediments.
- Teal Carbon: Carbon stored in freshwater and wetland environments.
- Green Carbon: Carbon stored in terrestrial plants and forests.
- Black Carbon: Carbon emitted from burning fossil fuels.
- Grey Carbon: Carbon from industrial emissions.
- Brown Carbon: Carbon from the incomplete combustion of organic matter.
- Red Carbon: Carbon released through biological particles on snow and ice, reducing albedo.
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- Coastal Protection: Provide natural barriers against storms and prevent soil erosion.
- Biodiversity Support: Offer critical habitats for marine life.
- Livelihoods and Food Security: Support sustainable fisheries and eco-tourism.
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Challenges
- Human Activities: Aquaculture, agriculture, urban development, and pollution drive the loss of these ecosystems.
- Policy and Economic Barriers: High costs, complex verification processes, and lack of transparency in carbon credit markets reduce project efficiency.
- The Sundarbans Mangrove Forest in Bangladesh has faced extreme degradation largely due to corruption such as illegal logging, bribery and mismanagement.
Way Forward
- Policy Reforms: Simplify carbon credit mechanisms (e.g., Australia’s Blue Carbon Method).
- Technology Integration: Use AI for ecosystem monitoring and blockchain for transparent carbon credit transactions.
- Community Involvement: Promote local-driven restoration programs like Indonesia’s Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration Alliance (MERA) initiative.
- Better Implementation of Initiatives: Initiatives such as India’s Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) can help in restoration if implemented as targetted.
- Global Practices: Replicate successful models like the Tidal Restoration Project in South Australia, which combines clear guidelines with robust verification systems.
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