BRICS nations are advancing plans to operationalise BRICS Pay, a cross-border payment system aimed at reducing dependence on the U.S.-controlled SWIFT network.

Evolution of BRICS Financial Cooperation

• Early Vision (2014 Fortaleza Summit): Marked the start of BRICS’ efforts to reduce dependence on Western-dominated financial systems.
  • Established the New Development Bank (NDB) to fund infrastructure and development projects.
  • Created the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) to provide liquidity support to members.

• Post-2014 Shift: Western sanctions on Russia (Crimea crisis) accelerated the desire for financial autonomy.
• 2017 Onwards: Initiatives toward local currency settlements, currency swaps, and direct investments began.
• 2020s: Formation of the BRICS Payments Task Force (BPTF) to explore cross-border payment systems laying the foundation for BRICS Pay.
• 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan (2024):  BRICS leaders underscored the importance of “strengthening of correspondent banking networks within BRICS and enabling settlements in local currencies in line with BRICS Cross-Border Payments Initiative or “BRICS Pay”
  • This signals an intent to reduce dependence on the U.S.-controlled SWIFT system.
  • It underscores a collective drive toward monetary multipolarity, digital sovereignty, and reduced dollar dependence.

About the BRICS Pay Initiative

• Objective: Develop a cross-border payment system to reduce reliance on the SWIFT network (which is dominated by G-10 central banks).

• Nature: Part of the BRICS Cross-Border Payments Initiative, aimed at settling transactions in local currencies.
• It connects national platforms such as the Russian System for Transfer of Financial Messages (SPFS), the Chinese Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS), India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and Brazil’s Pix system, ensuring cross-compatibility and scalability.
• Decentralised Messaging System (DCMS): Offers a secure alternative to SWIFT’s centralised messaging, minimising vulnerabilities and single-point failures.

Comparative Analysis: SWIFT vs. BRICS Pay

Opportunities Created by BRICS Pay

• Financial Sovereignty: BRICS Pay offers member nations an opportunity to conduct transactions independent of the U.S. dollar, which currently dominates global trade and finance.
  • By settling trade in local currencies, countries gain greater monetary autonomy and are less vulnerable to fluctuations in the dollar or U.S. monetary policy decisions.
  • This could also reduce the foreign exchange reserve burden, since fewer dollars would be needed for trade settlements.
• Sanction Immunity: One of the core motivations behind BRICS Pay is to bypass Western-controlled financial systems such as SWIFT, which have been used as instruments of sanctions.
  • For countries  which face U.S.-led financial restrictions, BRICS Pay provides a secure and alternative payment route, insulating them from exclusionary practices.
• South–South Cooperation: The initiative encourages developing and emerging economies to trade in their own or regional currencies, fostering South–South economic integration.
  • This strengthens trade and investment flows within the Global South, reducing dependence on Western markets and currencies.
• Innovation & Financial Inclusion: BRICS Pay can leverage the technological infrastructure of existing systems such as India’s UPI, China’s CIPS, Russia’s SPFS, and Brazil’s Pix.
  • By interlinking these systems, BRICS Pay could enable instant, low-cost, and secure transactions, promoting financial inclusion and digital innovation across developing countries.
• Strengthened Multilateralism: BRICS Pay represents a collective assertion of financial independence from the Western-dominated monetary order.
  • It reinforces multilateralism and financial multipolarity, reflecting a shift toward a balanced global economic system where emerging economies have greater influence.

Key Reasons for Reducing Dollar Dependence

• Vulnerability to Sanctions: Nations like Russia (2014 Crimea sanctions, 2022 Ukraine war) and Iran have been cut off from the SWIFT network, freezing their dollar-based assets.
  • Such actions highlight how the dollar system can be weaponized, motivating countries to seek alternative settlement systems that protect financial sovereignty.
• Exchange Rate Volatility: The appreciation or depreciation of the dollar directly impacts the cost of imports, debt servicing, and inflation for developing nations.
  • By trading in local currencies, countries can stabilize exchange rate risks and insulate domestic economies from external shocks.
• Cost of Transactions: Dollar-based settlements require multiple currency conversions and intermediary banks, raising transaction and conversion costs.
  • Local currency settlements under mechanisms like BRICS Pay or bilateral rupee trade reduce dependency on U.S. banking networks and make transactions more efficient.
• Strategic Autonomy: Reducing dollar use enhances a nation’s ability to pursue independent monetary and foreign policies.
  • It reduces exposure to U.S. interest-rate changes and helps preserve economic sovereignty, especially during global crises.
• Rise of Multipolarity: The shift from a unipolar to multipolar global order includes financial realignment.
  • Emerging economies aim to construct a balanced international financial architecture, with regional currencies and institutions (e.g., BRICS Pay, NDB) playing greater roles.

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Challenges in Realising BRICS Pay

• Diverse National Interests: Each member country has its own ambitions for expanding its payment system globally:
  • India aims to promote Unified Payments Interface (UPI)  as a global digital payment model.
  • China pushes for the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS), linked with the growing acceptance of the Renminbi (RMB).
  • Brazil is deepening its Pix Instant Payment System  network within Latin America and  Russia with System for Transfer of Financial Messages (SPFS) 
  • These overlapping ambitions could slow collective progress on a unified BRICS Pay platform.
• Interoperability Issues: Each nation’s payment system is built on different technologies, regulations, and currencies
  • Achieving technical compatibility and ensuring regulatory alignment across five diverse economies is a major challenge.
• Geopolitical Pressures: The U.S. views BRICS’ efforts as an attempt to undermine the dollar’s dominance.
  • Threats of trade retaliation or sanctions (like Trump’s 100% tariff warning) could discourage some members from advancing too aggressively.
• Trust Deficit: Despite cooperation, BRICS members differ politically and economically e.g., China–India border tensions.
  • Lack of political cohesion could hinder the formation of a truly unified payment network.
• Limited Geographic Scope: Initially, BRICS Pay would be confined to member and partner economies, limiting its global scale and network effect compared to SWIFT’s 11,000-member reach.

The Way Forward

• Phased Integration: BRICS should adopt a gradual approach, beginning with bilateral and regional currency settlements (such as India–Russia or China–Brazil) before advancing to a fully interoperable multilateral payment framework. 
  • This ensures operational stability and regulatory alignment at each stage.
• Institutional Reinforcement: Linking BRICS Pay with the New Development Bank (NDB) can provide liquidity buffers, guarantee mechanisms, and risk-mitigation instruments. 
  • Institutional backing will lend the initiative financial credibility and operational resilience.
• Regulatory and Digital Harmonisation: A common “BRICS Fintech Charter” should be drafted to standardize compliance, cybersecurity, and data governance protocols. 
  • Such a framework would build legal and technical trust among members, facilitating smoother cross-border operations.
• Technological Modernisation: Adopting a diversified technology stack combining blockchain for transparent auditing, AI-based fraud detection, and advanced encryption standards will enhance system security and efficiency.
  • Interlinking national systems like India’s UPI, China’s CIPS, and Brazil’s Pix can serve as the foundation for real-time settlement.
• Strategic Expansion through BRICS+: Extending participation to new members such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Egypt can connect BRICS Pay with critical energy and trade corridors. 
  • This expansion will transform the initiative from a regional payment system into a key pillar of South–South economic integration.
• Constructive Engagement with the Global System: Rather than replacing SWIFT, BRICS should aim for complementarity. 
  • Ensuring interoperability with existing Western systems while promoting financial sovereignty will strengthen trust and prevent fragmentation of the global payment architecture

Conclusion

BRICS Pay embodies the collective ambition of emerging economies to democratize global finance. It is not a rejection of the existing order, but an attempt to rebalance it. If pursued with institutional discipline, technological foresight, and diplomatic prudence, BRICS Pay can evolve into a cornerstone of a multipolar, secure, and inclusive financial system, one where autonomy and cooperation coexist.

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