Context: Supreme Court will hear petitions challenging the Patna High Court’s verdict upholding the Bihar government’s ongoing caste survey. 

About Caste Survey in Bihar:

• Aim: To collect demographic data like the number of households, the number of people in each household, their socio-economic conditions, and their castes. 
• It is a survey, not a census, as the Indian Constitution does not empower state governments to conduct census-gathering exercises.

About Census:

• The decennial Census of India measures demographic data like age, marital status, religion, whether Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe, mother tongue, education level, disability, economic activity, migration, and fertility.
• Thus, there is readily available data on the number of individuals belonging to SCs or STs and to different religious groups. 
• However, since 1931, no census in India has measured the number of OBCs in the country. 

Caste Census and Reservation:

• Mandal Commission made its recommendation for bringing 27 percent reservation for OBCs based on the data of the census of 1931. 
• The commission used extrapolated data and determined that 52 percent of the total population of India, outside of ST and SC, belonged to OBCs. 
• While the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011, its result was never published by the central government.

About Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC):

• It is conducted through a comprehensive program involving the Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India and the State Governments. 
• Aim: Collecting data on the socio-economic and caste status of households and individuals living in rural areas of India. 
• Significance: Tool for the government to identify and target social welfare schemes and programs to those who are most in need.
• Indicators used to determine socio-economic status in the census:
  1. Ownership of assets such as land, house, and vehicle
  2. Type of house (pucca, semi-pucca, or kaccha)
  3. Access to basic amenities such as electricity, water, and sanitation
  4. Occupation and education level of household members
  5. Income levels of household members

News Source: The Hindu

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