GIS mapping of all National Highways

May 14, 2024

GS Paper III Science and Technology

Context

The government has planned to complete GIS mapping of all national highways to improve planning, execution, and monitoring.

GIS mapping of all National Highways

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) has instructed project implementing units of various agencies to mark their jurisdiction on a dashboard. Agencies include the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), Border Roads Organisation (BRO), and National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd (NHIDCL).

Objective: To simplify GIS-based data collection for all Indian National Highways under MORTH.
- As per a memorandum from MORTH, the SOP aims to define responsibility areas for each highway clearly.
- It aims to utilize a GIS-based mapping system via the media portal for network definition and data visualization purposes.

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About Geographic Information System

GIS stands for Geographic Information System.

It’s software that combines mapping and database capabilities.
It is a computer system used to capture, store, check, and display data related to Earth’s surface positions.
It helps individuals and organizations understand spatial patterns and relationships by connecting seemingly unrelated data.
It allows users to create, manage, and analyze location-based information.
It can utilize various forms of location information, such as latitude and longitude, addresses, or ZIP codes.
GIS allows comparison and contrast of different types of information, including population, income, landscape features, and infrastructure.
Through GIS, users can analyze the relationships between different geographic features, such as pollution sources and sensitive environmental areas, aiding in decision-making processes.

Elements of GIS

It has following elements

Map: Shareable maps integrate geographical data layers.
Data: Data is linked to the Particular location,
- It includes all Spreadsheets, tables and imagery and other geographic components
Analysis: Spatial analysis provides insights and increases the decision making process.
App: GIS data can be used via mobile apps.

Benefit of GIS mapping	Explanation	Challenges of GIS mapping	Explanation
Accurate Data Representation	GIS maps provide precise details about the road network, including its alignment, intersections, and features (lanes, bridges, signage). This accuracy is crucial for effective planning, design, and maintenance activities.	Data Accuracy	Ensuring the data used in GIS maps is accurate and up-to-date is vital. Errors in data collection or validation can lead to incorrect road layouts and navigation problems.
Efficient Planning & Decision-Making	By visualizing highway data on GIS maps, authorities can make informed decisions about road expansion, repairs, and upgrades. This facilitates streamlined project planning and optimal resource allocation.	Scale & Resolution	Balancing the level of detail needed with manageable file sizes can be tricky. High-resolution maps containing extensive data can be resource-intensive.
Asset Management	GIS helps manage highway assets (bridges, culverts, signage) by tracking their location, condition, and maintenance history. This enables timely repairs and minimizes disruptions due to breakdowns.	Dynamic Changes	Since roads, bridges, and intersections undergo changes over time, keeping maps updated requires continuous monitoring and data refreshes.
Emergency Response	During accidents or natural disasters, GIS maps empower emergency services to locate affected areas, divert traffic flow, and coordinate rescue efforts effectively.	Terrain & Elevation	Accurately representing elevation changes is crucial for safety and navigation. Representing steep slopes, tunnels, and bridges accurately can be challenging.
Environmental Impact Assessment	GIS tools help analyze the environmental impact of highway projects by considering factors like land use, vegetation, and water bodies. This allows for informed decision-making that minimizes environmental damage.	Privacy & Security	Striking a balance between sharing useful details and protecting sensitive information (private properties) is necessary.
Public Access & Transparency	Sharing GIS maps with the public enhances transparency. Citizens can access information about road conditions, tolls, and amenities (rest stops, gas stations).	Interoperability	Integrating data from various sources (satellites, drones, ground surveys) into a cohesive map can be complex due to format differences.
Cost Savings	The benefits of efficient planning, reduced maintenance costs, and optimized resource allocation lead to significant financial savings in the long run.	Legal & Regulatory Compliance	Adhering to local laws regarding data collection, permissions, and privacy regulations is critical for project success.

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