Despite conservation efforts and vigilance for Indian Star Tortoise  , officials have seized hundreds of tortoises being smuggled through the Chennai and Singapore airports and across the India-Bangladesh border.

About Indian Star Tortoise

• The Indian star tortoise (Geochelone elegans) is distinguished by its obsidian shell with striking Sun-yellow star patterns.
• They are popular as exotic pets. However, owning them is illegal in India and considered unethical due to their vulnerable status in the wild.
• Habitat: The Indian star tortoise inhabits dry and open environments such as scrub forests, grasslands, and rocky outcroppings.
• Geographic Distribution: Central and Southern parts of India, West Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
• Threats: 
  • Habitat Fragmentation: Urbanization and agricultural activities have led to the fragmentation of their habitats.
  • Loss of Genetic Diversity: Hybridization poses a significant threat to their genetic diversity.
  • Illegal Trade: According to the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, 90% of the trade involving the Indian star tortoise is linked to the international pet market.
• Genetically Distinct Groups: A study by the Wildlife Institute of India and Panjab University identified two genetically distinct groups:
  • Northwestern Group: Relatively unchanged genetically.
  • Southern Group: Displays high genetic diversity.
  • Genetic divergence between these groups is traced back approximately 2 million years, driven by climatic changes and the division of humid and arid regions.
• Food Habits: Indian star tortoises are herbivores, feeding primarily on plant material.
• Activity Pattern: This species is diurnal.
• Conservation Status
  • IUCN Status: Vulnerable
  • CITES Listing: Appendix I
  • Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Schedule IV

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Conservation Challenges

• Unscientific Releases: Mixing individuals from distinct genetic groups could lower diversity and reduce breeding rates.
• Captive Issues: Shell pyramiding, caused by nutritional deficiencies in captivity, complicates breeding.
• Awareness and Law Enforcement: Lack of public awareness about illegal ownership and adherence to wildlife laws.

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