India is gradually deepening its engagement with the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, marked by recent developments, including the possibility of Afghanistan appointing a new envoy to its embassy in New Delhi.
Taliban: Historical Overview
Origin and Rise (1994-2001)
- Formed in 1994 in Kandahar by Mullah Mohammad Omar and other religious students.
- Emerged after the Soviet withdrawal (1989), amidst civil war and instability.
Controlled about 90% of Afghanistan by 1996, establishing a strict Islamic Emirate governed by Sharia law.- Internationally isolated, recognized only by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and UAE.
- Ousted after the 2001 US-led invasion following the 9/11 attacks.
Insurgency and Return (2001-2021)
- Taliban fought a 20-year insurgency against NATO and the Afghan government.
- US-Taliban Doha Agreement (2020) led to the withdrawal of US and NATO forces.
- Taliban regained control over Afghanistan by August 15, 2021, reestablishing the Islamic Emirate.
Recent Shifts in India’s Engagement with the Taliban
Pragmatic Approach
- Engagement based on national security, trade, and humanitarian concerns rather than formal recognition.
- Taliban requested India resume stalled development projects, particularly healthcare and refugee rehabilitation.
Humanitarian Assistance
- Provided substantial humanitarian aid, including 50,000 MT of wheat, medicines, and vaccines.
Trade and Connectivity
- Chabahar Port is identified as a critical gateway for Indo-Afghan trade, bypassing Pakistan.
- Promotion of connectivity through Zaranj-Delaram Highway to Central Asia.
Security Concerns
- Emphasis on preventing Afghan soil being used by groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), and Islamic State-Khorasan Province (ISKP).
- The Taliban offered assurances to address India’s security fears.
Taliban’s Strategic Autonomy
- Taliban showing interest in balancing its foreign relations and reducing dependency on Pakistan.
- Views India as a key regional partner for economic revival.
Reasons Behind India’s Decision to Engage Taliban
- Strategic Location: Afghanistan acts as a gateway to energy-rich Central Asia, leveraging Chabahar Port to bypass Pakistan..
- Regional Security: Counterterrorism priority to prevent Afghanistan becoming a terror hub.
- Economic Opportunities: Afghanistan’s mineral wealth presents investment potential.
- Cultural Ties: Deep historical connections dating back to ancient civilizations.
- Geopolitical Factors:
- Strained Pakistan-Taliban relations provide an opening for India.
- Iran’s focus on internal issues reduces its Afghan influence.
- Russia’s new openness to the Taliban amid its Ukraine engagement.
- China’s growing influence through infrastructure investments (Belt and Road Initiatives).
- Possible US policy shifts under Trump 2.0.
India-Afghanistan Relations: Historical Perspective
Ancient Period
- Indus Valley Civilization: Historical ties trace back to the Indus Valley Civilization, where trade and cultural exchanges were prominent.
- Gandhara Region: Gandhara, part of modern-day Afghanistan, was one of the 16 Mahajanapadas in the Vedic Age. It was a hub for Buddhism, introduced by the Mauryan Empire.
- Bamiyan Buddhas: These majestic sculptures highlighted the influence of Buddhism in the region Period
- Cultural Exchange: Afghanistan served as a gateway for cultural exchanges and the spread of Islam into India.
- Political Integration: Several rulers of the Indian subcontinent, including the Mughals, had Afghan roots, further intertwining the two regions.
Colonial Era
- Anglo-Afghan Relations: Afghanistan’s strategic location led to several conflicts between British India and Afghanistan, including the Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839–1842, 1878–1880).
- Durand Line: Established in 1893 by the British, this boundary caused long-term disputes and instability in the region .
Post-Independance
- Treaty of Friendship (1950): India and Afghanistan established formal diplomatic relations, emphasizing mutual respect and sovereignty .
- Afghanistan’s Neutrality: Participation in the Asian Relations Conference (1947) emphasized its commitment to neutrality and friendly relations with India .
- Soviet-Afghan Relations (1979-1989): India sup Soviet-backed Afghan government during the Cold War, the only South Asian country to do so.
Modern Era
Pre-2021 Engagement:
- Historically opposed the Taliban due to security concerns, especially regarding the Kashmir insurgency.
- Supported anti-Taliban Northern Alliance (1996-2001) financially and militarily.
- Post-2001, significantly invested ($3 billion) in Afghanistan’s infrastructure: Salma Dam, Afghan Parliament, Zaranj-Delaram Highway.
- Post-Taliban (2001): India played a key role in Afghanistan’s reconstruction after the Taliban’s fall, committing over $3 billion for infrastructure and capacity building projects.
- Landmarks:
- Salma Dam (Afghan-India Friendship Dam): Completed in 2016.
- Zaranj-Delaram Highway: Facilitated trade with Iran via Chabahar Port.
Post-Taliban Takeover (2021 onward):
- Initial cautious engagement through indirect diplomatic channels (Doha talks).
- Reopened Indian Embassy in Kabul (June 2022) for pragmatic, limited engagement.
- The Afghan Embassy in New Delhi closed (October 2023) due to resource constraints.
- High-level meeting in Dubai (January 2025) between Indian Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri and Taliban Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi.
- Taliban Era (1996–2001): Relations soured during the Taliban regime, marked by incidents like the Kandahar hijacking (1999).
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Implications of India Engaging with the Taliban
Positive Implications
- Regional Stability: Engagement allows India to influence stability, counter terrorism, and balance Chinese and Pakistani influences.
- Act West Policy: Strengthens India’s westward geopolitical strategy, opening gateways to Central Asia.
- Preservation of Investments: Protects India’s $3 billion in infrastructure (e.g., Salma Dam, Zaranj-Delaram Highway), ensuring goodwill.
- Improved Trade and Connectivity: Enhances trade through Chabahar Port, bypassing Pakistan, boosting regional economic integration.
- Counter-Terrorism Collaboration: Facilitates assurance from the Taliban that Afghan soil isn’t used against India, particularly by groups like LeT, JeM, and ISKP.
- Humanitarian Diplomacy: Enhances India’s global image through humanitarian aid (wheat, vaccines, medicines), building Afghan goodwill.
Negative Implications
- Legitimizing the Taliban Regime: Risks indirectly legitimizing a regime accused of human rights violations, undermining India’s democratic principles.
- Security Risks: Persistent threat of terrorism; Taliban assurances might not fully prevent terrorist activities from Afghan soil.
- Strained Relations with Western Allies: Could conflict with Western partners critical of Taliban human rights abuses, potentially harming international partnerships.
- Complex Relations with Pakistan: Engagement could provoke Pakistan, possibly increasing proxy conflicts or tensions.
- Unpredictable Taliban Policies: Internal Taliban divisions pose risks to India’s investments and long-term strategic interests due to policy instability.
- Targeting India: Increased direct security threats, highlighted by IS attacks on Indian assets (e.g., December 2023 consulate attack in Jalalabad) and recruitment of lone actors as reported by the UN.
Challenges in India-Taliban Relations
- Security Risks: Continued presence of anti-India terror groups ( like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), and Islamic State-Khorasan Province (ISKP)), demonstrated he Kandahar hijacking (1999) and attacks on Indian embassy in Afghanistan, underscore the security risks posed by extremist groups..
- Pakistan’s Influence: Islamabad’s continued support for Taliban-linked groups like Haqqani Network complicates India’s interest and strategic goals.
- Human Rights Concerns: Taliban’s lack of inclusive governance and continued rights violations create ethical and diplomatic dilemmas.
- India has consistently advocated for an Afghan-led, Afghan-owned peace process, which contrasts with the Taliban’s exclusionary governance.
- Regional Rivalries: Increasing influence of China, Russia, and Iran risks marginalizing India’s strategic interests.
- China’s involvement in Afghanistan’s natural resource projects under its BRI threatens to undermine India’s economic engagement in the region.
- Connectivity and Trade Barriers: Geographical constraints and Pakistan’s refusal to allow transit trade to Afghanistan have hindered India’s access to Afghan markets.
- The reliance on Chabahar Port and the Zaranj-Delaram Highway for trade underscores the difficulties India faces in establishing reliable and cost-effective connectivity.
Way Forward for India-Taliban Relations
- Maintain Pragmatic Engagement: Engage diplomatically without formal recognition, ensuring Afghan territory isn’t used for anti-India terrorism by groups like LeT, JeM, and ISKP.
- Enhance Humanitarian Assistance: Expand aid in healthcare, education, and food security through community-oriented projects to build goodwill.
- Strengthen Regional Partnerships: Collaborate with Iran, Russia, and Central Asian nations through platforms like SAARC and SCO to stabilize Afghanistan and counter China’s influence.
- Secure Investments and Connectivity: Protect India’s $3 billion in infrastructure projects, promote Chabahar Port to enhance trade and connectivity to Central Asia.
- Support Inclusive Governance and Human Rights: Advocate cautiously for inclusive governance, women’s rights, and minority protections, engaging with Afghan civil society.
- Focus on Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Increase intelligence sharing and cooperation with regional powers to prevent terrorism resurgence, securing India’s national security interests.
Conclusion
India’s engagement with the Taliban reflects a delicate balancing act between strategic interests and ethical considerations. India must navigate carefully, ensuring that security priorities are met, humanitarian commitments are fulfilled, and regional influence is maintained without inadvertently legitimizing the Taliban regime.
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