Recently, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully executed the second docking of the two satellites, which are part of the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission.

• Earlier this year, India became the fourth country after the U.S., Russia and China to conduct the docking experiment.

About Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission

• It is a mission by ISRO to develop autonomous docking technology.
• SPADEX is key to India’s long-term space exploration goals, including manned spaceflight and satellite maintenance.
• History of Docking
  • The Soviet Union achieved the first successful docking in space in 1967.
  • The United States followed with the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975.
  • Docking technology has evolved significantly since then, becoming more automated and reliable.
• SPADEX Mission Details
  • ISRO developed and deployed two small satellites for the SpaDeX mission:
    • SDX01 (Chaser): This satellite is designed to actively maneuver and dock with its counterpart.
    • SDX02 (Target): This satellite remains relatively stable and is equipped with the docking port.
  • Each satellite weighs approximately 400 kg and was launched into slightly different orbits to allow for autonomous rendezvous operations.
  • The satellites will carefully align with each other to perform a ‘space handshake’ and connect.
• Objective:
  • To demonstrate autonomous rendezvous, docking, and undocking between two satellites in low Earth orbit using indigenous technology.
  • To validate the transfer of electric power between docked spacecraft, which is essential for long-duration and cooperative space missions.
  • To test the stability and composite control of the joined spacecraft system after docking, simulating conditions for modular space structures.
  • To support the development of future technologies such as in-space robotics, satellite servicing, payload sharing, and manned mission logistics.

How Does SpaDeX Work?

• Launch & Deployment: Both satellites launched by one rocket and placed in nearby orbits.
• Rendezvous Maneuvers: Chaser satellite (SDX01) performs autonomous maneuvers to align with the Target (SDX02).
• Docking: Satellites approach and connect using docking mechanisms.
• Post-Docking Operations: Test for system integration, stability, power transfer, and payload operations.
• Undocking: Satellites undock to continue further experiments individually.

Importance of Docking Technology

• Docking technology is critical for the assembly and operation of space stations, manned missions, and deep-space exploration. 
• It allows spacecraft to connect, enabling crew transfers, resupply missions, orbital repairs, and the construction of modular structures in space. 
• It also plays a vital role in sample return missions, where payloads collected from celestial bodies need to be transferred between modules.

Implications for India’s Space Program

• It lays the technical foundation for Gaganyaan, India’s first human spaceflight mission.
• It is crucial for the future development and operation of an Indian Space Station.
• The mission strengthens India’s ability to conduct in-orbit servicing, which includes satellite refueling, repair, and life extension.
• SpaDeX aligns with India’s broader vision of self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in advanced space technologies.

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