ISRO achieved a significant milestone with the sea-level hot test of the CE20 cryogenic engine, conducted at the ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu.

About CE20 Cryogenic Engine

• The CE20 cryogenic engine is a rocket engine that uses liquefied gases as both fuel and oxidizer.
• These gases are kept at extremely low temperatures to maintain their liquid state.
• Developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, the CE20 engine powers the upper stage of the Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM-3)
• Fuel and Oxidizer Used 
  • Liquid Oxygen (LOX): Acts as the oxidizer. It liquefies at -183°C.
  • Liquid Hydrogen (LH2): Serves as the fuel which liquefies at -253°C.
  • The reaction between LOX and LH2 generates thrust for propulsion.
• Features
  • Engine Restart Capability: Equipped with a multi-element igniter, enabling the engine to restart mid-mission, crucial for missions like Gaganyaan.
    • This test validated ISRO’s ability to perform vacuum ignition without nozzle closure, advancing its cryogenic propulsion capabilities.
  • Nozzle Protection System: Prevents flow separation in the nozzle and reduces vibrations enhancing performance and simplifies testing procedures.
  • High Efficiency: Provides increased thrust and enhances payload capacity.
• Applications: Primarily used in the upper stages of rockets, where high efficiency is essential for placing satellites or spacecraft into orbit.
  • The engine, initially qualified for 19 tonnes of thrust, has been upgraded to:
  • 20 tonnes for the Gaganyaan mission, India’s first manned spaceflight.
  • 22 tonnes for the C32 stage, enhancing the payload capacity of the LVM3 rocket.

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Other Cryogenic Engines Used by ISRO

• KVD-1: Supplied by the Soviet Union in the 1980s.
  • Served as the foundation for India’s cryogenic engine development.
• CE-7.5: An indigenous cryogenic engine developed by India.
  • Based on the design of the KVD-1.
• Only six countries have developed their own cryogenic engine technology:
• • United States, France/European Space Agency, Russia, China, Japan and India.

Future Prospects

• The test paves the way for improved cryogenic engine testing methods and supports future missions requiring high-thrust capabilities.
• The enhancements contribute to India’s ambitions for manned space exploration and heavier payload launches.

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