MONDIACULT 2025

Context: Recently India was represented by Union Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat as Chair of the Asia-Pacific Group, emphasizing culture as a global public good at MONDIACULT 2025 .

About MONDIACULT 2025

• It is the world’s largest cultural policy conference, bringing together ministers, cultural leaders, civil society, and youth to shape the global cultural agenda.
• Organizer & Venue: The UNESCO World Conference on Cultural Policies and Sustainable Development (MONDIACULT 2025) is organized by UNESCO and hosted by Spain in Barcelona.
• Objective: To establish culture as a stand-alone goal in the post-2030 UN development agenda, recognizing its role as a unifying force and driver of sustainable development.
• Priority Themes
  • Cultural Rights : ensuring universal access and protection.
  • Digital Technologies in Culture : leveraging innovation for cultural growth.
  • Culture and Education: fostering values and creativity.
  • Economy of Culture: strengthening creative industries.
  • Culture and Climate Action: linking heritage with sustainability.
  • Culture, Heritage and Crisis : safeguarding culture in conflict and disasters.
• Focus Areas
  • Culture for Peace: advancing dialogue and harmony.
  • Artificial Intelligence and Culture: ethical integration of AI in cultural domains.

Significance for India

• India chaired the Asia-Pacific Group during the Ministerial Plenary, reflecting its leadership in cultural diplomacy.
• India reaffirmed culture as a cornerstone of inclusive and sustainable development.

Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP)

Context: Recently,  NASA launched the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) to study the Sun’s solar wind and the heliosphere’s boundary.

About Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP)

• IMAP is a space mission designed to explore the outer boundaries of the heliosphere and investigate how it interacts with the local galactic environment.
• • The heliosphere is the protective bubble created by the solar wind around our solar system.
• Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9 with a Spacecraft Mass of 900Kg.
• Scientific Components: IMAP carries 10 scientific instruments to study solar wind, energetic particles, interstellar dust, and magnetic fields.
  • Energetic neutral-atom detectors: Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) which is equipped to study both charged and neutral particles.
    • IMAP-Lo: – Low Energy Neutral Atom Imager
    • IMAP-Hi: High Energy Neutral Atom Imager
    • IMAP-Ultra: Ultra High Energy Neutral Atom Imager
  • Charged particle detectors: High-energy Ion Telescope (HIT), Solar Wind Electron (SWE), Solar Wind and Pickup Ion Instrument (SWAPI), Compact Dual Ion Composition Experiment (CoDICE)
  • Magnetometer (MAG), Global Solar Wind Structure (GLOWS), Interstellar Dust Experiment (IDEX)
• Objective:
  • Map the heliosphere’s boundary and chart interstellar particle interactions.
  • Investigate energization of charged particles from the Sun.
  • Monitor real-time solar wind and energetic particles to forecast space weather hazards near Earth.
  • Provide critical data for designing safer spacecraft for future human exploration.

Significance

• Enhances understanding of how the heliosphere shields the solar system from cosmic radiation, ensuring planetary habitability.
• Improves forecasting of space weather, protecting satellites, power grids, communication networks, and astronauts. Offers insights into fundamental astrophysical processes and the dynamics of other stellar systems’ protective bubbles.
• Contributes to planning safer routes and radiation shielding for future human space missions beyond Earth.

India-Bhutan Cross-Border Railway Project

Context: Recently, India announced two cross-border railway projects connecting Bhutan with Assam and West Bengal, costing a total of Rs 4,033 crore.

About the Cross-Border Railway Project

• Project Details: The projects include a 69-km Kokrajhar (Assam)–Gelephu (Bhutan) line costing Rs 3,456 crore and a 20-km Banarhat (West Bengal)–Samtse (Bhutan) line costing Rs 577 crore.
• Infrastructure:
  • Kokrajhar–Gelephu line will have six stations, 29 major bridges, 65 minor bridges, two goodsheds, one flyover, and 39 underpasses
  • Banarhat–Samtse line will include two stations, one major bridge, 24 minor bridges, one overpass, and 37 underpasses.
• Technical Features: Both lines will be fully electrified, equipped with modern trains such as Vande Bharat, advanced signalling systems, and trained Bhutanese personnel will assist in operations.

Significance

• The projects will enhance passenger and goods movement, support economic development in Gelephu (Mindfulness City) and Samtse (industrial hub), strengthen India-Bhutan trade, and provide employment opportunities for local populations.

Global Conference on Sustainable Livestock Transformation

Context: Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh represented India at the 2nd FAO Global Conference on Sustainable Livestock Transformation in Rome, 2025.

About the Global Conference on Sustainable Livestock Transformation

• Introduction: The FAO Global Conference on Sustainable Livestock Transformation provides a multilateral platform for knowledge exchange, cooperation, and sustainable solutions for livestock systems.
• Organised by: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), headquartered in Rome, Italy.
• 2025 Conference: The second edition was held in September 2025, bringing together ministers, experts, and stakeholders to deliberate on inclusive, climate-resilient livestock policies.
  • India and Ireland jointly co-sponsored the resolution for the International Day of Milk, endorsed by the Conference .

India’s Position in Dairy and Livestock

• Farmer-Centric and Inclusive Growth: India highlighted farmer-centric initiatives driving livestock and dairy transformation. 
• Global Leadership in Dairy and Livestock
  • livestock provides sustainable livelihoods to nearly two-thirds of rural households in India , especially smallholders and women.
  • Largest milk producer globally, contributing 25% of world output (239 million tonnes annually).
  • Second-largest producer of eggs and leading exporter of buffalo meat.
  • The livestock sector contributes 31% to agricultural GVA and 5.5% to the national economy, with a CAGR of 12.77%.
• Policy Space and Global Cooperation: India, as First Vice Chair of FAO Sub-Committee on Livestock, reaffirmed its 80-year FAO partnership.

Venezuela

Context: Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro signaled readiness to declare a state of emergency after recent deadly US strikes on suspected Venezuelan drug boats in the southern Caribbean sea.

• The declaration would empower Maduro to temporarily suspend basic rights, citing protection from perceived US aggression and safeguarding national sovereignty.

About Venezuela

• Venezuela is located on the northern edge of South America, positioned in the Northern and Western hemispheres with capital at Caracas.
• Borders: It shares land borders with Brazil to the south, Guyana to the east, and Colombia to the west and southwest, and maritime boundaries with several Caribbean nations.
• Geography: It has four major regions: The Maracaibo Lowlands (hot and dry), the Andes Mountains and northern highlands (cooler, temperate), the central Orinoco plains (warm, low-elevation), and the Guiana Highlands (humid, jungle-tropical).
• Water Bodies:
  • The Orinoco River is the longest with over 2,000 tributaries.
  • Major lakes include Lake Maracaibo  and Lake Guri.
  • The Andes Mountains Angel Falls (world’s highest waterfall) is located in the Guiana Highlands
• Highest Point: Pico Bolívar (4,979 m) in the northern Mountains.
• Coastlines: Lies along the Caribbean Sea to the north and the North Atlantic Ocean to the northeast.
  • Important coastal features include the Gulf of Venezuela, the Paraguaná Peninsula, and the Orinoco River Delta on the Atlantic side.

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