The National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB) is using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and genotyping technology to identify and conserve indigenous cattle breeds.

Alignment with BioE3 Policy

• NIAB’s research aligns with the BioE3 policy, which focuses on biotechnology for boosting the economy, environment, and employment.

• • Industry Hand Holding: The institute aims to support industries and startups in transforming the livestock-based economy.
    • The main goal behind this step is to position India as a global leader in bio-manufacturing through biotechnological interventions.

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Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) 

• NGS is a modern DNA sequencing method that has transformed genomic research.
• It allows for the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of DNA and RNA.
  • It  makes it a faster and cheaper option compared to older techniques like Sanger sequencing.
• NGS can identify a wide range of genetic variations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and structural changes in the genome.
• NGS Advantages
  • Speed: Quickly sequences large amounts of DNA/RNA.
  • Cost-Effective: Lower sequencing costs.
  • Comprehensive: Detects various genetic variations.
  • Scalable: Adaptable for small to large studies.

About Genotyping

• Genotyping is the process of identifying genetic differences by analysing an individual’s DNA sequence.
• Comparison of DNA Sequences: It involves comparing an individual’s DNA to another person’s sequence or a reference sequence to reveal inherited alleles.
• Traditional Use of Genotyping: Traditionally, genotyping uses DNA sequences to categorise biological populations with molecular tools, without focusing on defining individual genes.

India’s efforts towards Genome sequencing

• Genome India project
  • Launched in 2020.
  • Objective: It aims to establish a comprehensive reference genome that represents the genetic diversity of the Indian population.
  • Funded by: Department of Biotechnology
  • Spearheaded by: Centre for Brain Research (CBR)

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IndiGen Programme

• This programme was launched in 2019.
• Objective: It aims to sequence the genome of thousands of individuals from diverse ethnic groups in India. 
• Endorsement: it is endorsed by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).

Indian Initiative on Earth Bio-Genome Sequencing

• It is a part of the Earth Biogenome Project. 
• Launch date: 2020
• Main objective: Focuses on  collecting and preserving endangered and economically important species. 
  • The decoded genetic information will help in protecting against biopiracy.
• Key institutions :  The Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI). 

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Difference between NGS and Genotyping Technology

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