One Day One Genome Initiative

November 20, 2024

GS Paper III Science and Technology

The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council (BRIC) launched One Day One Genome initiative to highlight India’s vast microbial diversity.

About One Day One Genome Initiative

The Initiative aims to release fully annotated genomes of unique bacterial species found in India.
Make genomic data publicly accessible, complemented by graphical summaries, genome assembly details, and infographics.
Highlight microbes’ scientific and industrial potential.

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Role of Microorganisms in Ecosystems

Genome India Project

Launched: January 2020

Objective:

Create an “Indian reference genome” grid
Identify genetic variations in the Indian population
Develop predictive diagnostic indicators for diseases

Phase 1: Sequence 10,000 Indian genomes

Focus on understanding genetic basis of diseases

Phase 2: Collect genetic samples for specific diseases:

Cardiovascular diseases
Mental illnesses
Cancer

Led by: Indian Institute of Science’s Centre for Brain Research, Bengaluru.

Collaboration with 20+ universities

Potential Impact:

Advancements in healthcare, agriculture, and biotechnology
Personalized medicine and disease prevention strategies
Better understanding of Indian genetic diversity

Environmental Impact: Drive biogeochemical cycles and soil formation. They also aid pollutant degradation and methane production, contributing to global homeostasis.
Agriculture: Support nitrogen fixation, nutrient cycling, and pest control.
- Their symbiotic association with plants enhances nutrient and water uptake.
Human Health: Microbial cells outnumber human cells in the body. They are crucial for digestion, immunity, and mental health.

Genome Sequencing

It is a process that determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism, including genes and non-coding regions.
It identifies the precise order of the nucleotide bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine) in DNA.

Benefits of Genome Sequencing

Accelerates genetic engineering and development of new crop varieties.
Deciphers host-pathogen interactions.

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Aspect	Genome Mapping	Genome Sequencing
Definition	Creates a blueprint of the genome, identifying gene locations and regulatory elements.	Determines the precise sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA.
Detail Level	Provides a structural overview of the genome.	Offers a detailed, base-by-base genetic account.
Focus	Identifies locations and organization of genes.	Deciphers the exact nucleotide sequence.
Purpose	Useful for locating genes and understanding genome structure.	Essential for detailed genetic analysis and mutations.
Output	General map showing regions of interest in the genome.	Complete DNA sequence of the organism.

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