The Supreme Court, in the All India Football Federation (AIFF) case, highlighted that sports must be accessible to all strata of society and function as an institution of national life, embodying the constitutional value of fraternity.

Key observation of Court

• Sports serve as a karmabhumi (field of duty) where collective purpose and fraternity are realized.
• Fraternity cannot be legislated but is cultivated through lived experiences such as teamwork and cooperation in sports.
• Sports governance was highlighted as equally important and federations must function with professionalism, efficiency, and integrity.
• Revenues and intellectual property (IP) generated by popular sports must be redistributed to encourage accessible and affordable grassroots sports.
• The ruling is part of a broader debate on reforming India’s sports ecosystem, especially after governance failures like the AIFF suspension by FIFA (2022).

Role of Sports

• Social Cohesion & Unity: Sports transcend caste, religion, region, and language, creating a sense of fraternity and unity in diversity.
  • Example: The 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cup victory or Neeraj Chopra’s 2021 Olympic Gold united the nation across divides.
  • Grassroots games like kabaddi and hockey continue to bring communities together, especially in rural areas.
• Women & Marginalized Empowerment: Women athletes like Mirabai Chanu, Nikhat Zareen, and Sakshi Malik have shattered stereotypes.
  • Fraternity & Compassion: Para-sports promote empathy and inclusivity.
    • Para-athletes won 19 medals at the Tokyo Paralympics (2021) 
  • The Supreme Court’s push for accessibility underlines the importance of providing equal facilities to women and marginalized groups.
• Economic Growth: Indian sports goods sector is valued at USD 4.88 billion (₹42,877 crore) in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 6.6 billion (₹57,800 crore) by 2027 and ₹87,300 crore by 2034
  • However, grassroots inequity remains stark, In India, 62 per cent of government schools don’t have access to something as basic as playgrounds
• Health & Human Capital: According to WHO, Global estimate of the cost of physical inactivity to public health care systems between 2020 and 2030 is about US$ 300 billion
  • Programs like Fit India Movement and National Physical Literacy Mission aim to reduce these costs by promoting sports culture.
• Reducing Differences (Trust-Building & Anti-Racism): Sports provide a platform for reconciliation, integration, and fighting discrimination.
  • Example: South Africa post-apartheid, Nelson Mandela famously used the 1995 Rugby World Cup to unify black and white South Africans.
  • In India, football and hockey tournaments in the Northeast have been crucial in bridging ethnic divides.
• Sports Diplomacy: Sports diplomacy is often called the “softest form of soft power”.
  • The 2004 cricket series between India and Pakistan helped ease political tensions and encouraged more cultural exchanges.

Challenges in Realizing the True Potential of Sports

• Governance and Institutional Weaknesses: Sports federations often suffer from favoritism, lack of transparency, and political interference (e.g., AIFF suspension by FIFA in 2022). It violates integrity, accountability, and probity in public life.
  • Example: The 2010 Commonwealth Games corruption scandal tarnished India’s global image.
• Commercialization & Elite Capture: Supreme Court noted sports must not remain in the “exclusive clutches of the urban economic elite”. Raises issues of justice, fairness, and equality of opportunity.
  • IPL and similar leagues generate billions, but grassroots athletes often struggle for basics like kits or travel allowances.
• Doping and Match-Fixing: As per World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) report, India has one of the highest doping violations globally (India ranked 2nd after Russia).
  • Showcasing breach of honesty, integrity, and moral courage; undermines sportsmanship
  • Match-fixing scandals in cricket (IPL 2013 spot-fixing) erode public trust.
• Gender and Social Barriers: Women athletes face harassment, unequal pay, and lack of facilities. It violates dignity, compassion, and respect for human rights.
  • Example: The Wrestlers’ Protest (2023) over allegations of sexual harassment against the Wrestling Federation of India (WFI)  president highlighted systemic neglect.
• Exploitation and Athlete Welfare: Many athletes from rural or poor backgrounds quit due to lack of job security or pensions.
  • Example: National-level hockey players working as daily-wage earners after retirement (Paramjeet Kumar represented Punjab in several junior hockey nationals and was also named in the Indian junior hockey team in 2007)
• Raises dilemmas of national interest vs universal values: Sporting ties often become linked to politics (e.g., India–Pakistan cricket suspended after 2008 Mumbai terror attacks).
  • Indian players refused handshakes in the 2025 Asia Cup as a symbolic protest against Pakistan’s role in terrorism, especially after the Pahalgam attack.
  • Sports Diplomacy can also mask human rights concerns (e.g., Qatar FIFA World Cup 2022 criticism).
• Overemphasis on Medals and Nationalism: Excessive focus on medals can cause mental health issues (e.g., Simone Biles stepping back at Tokyo Olympics 2021 citing pressure).
  • In India, non-medal-winning athletes often face neglect.
  • Undermines emotional intelligence, empathy, and human dignity; reduces athletes to medal machines rather than human beings.
• Conflict between development, environmental ethics, and distributive justice: Hosting mega-events like the Olympics or Asian Games involves massive costs, displacements, and ecological damage.
  • Example: The 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games displaced thousands of slum dwellers.

Way Forward

• Inclusive Infrastructure Development: Ensure universal access to playgrounds and sports facilities across rural and urban areas.
  • Link with National Sports Policy (NSP) 2025 pillars of “Sports as a People’s Movement” and “Integration with NEP 2020”.

• Transparent & Accountable Governance: Implement reforms in sports federations to ensure probity, integrity, and professionalism.
  • Adopt a legal and regulatory framework to check corruption and nepotism.
• Equitable Resource Distribution: Redistribute revenues from high-profile leagues like IPL to grassroots sports and marginalized groups. 
  • Encourage Public Private Partnership (“PPP”) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) models for funding local academies.
• Promoting Ethics & Sportsmanship: Launch nationwide campaigns for anti-doping, fair play, and gender sensitization.
  • Incorporate ethical leadership and values (justice, empathy, tolerance) in athlete training.
• Leveraging Sports Diplomacy: Use sports as a tool of cultural diplomacy and peace-building, while ensuring it does not become hostage to politics.
  • Expand India’s role in regional sporting collaborations (SAARC, BIMSTEC) to strengthen ties.
• Technology & Innovation: Utilize AI, data analytics, and sports sciences for talent identification, injury prevention, and performance optimization.
  • Monitor through a national-level framework for accountability (as envisioned in NSP 2025).

Conclusion

Sports in India must evolve from being a privilege of the elite to a right of every citizen. By embracing inclusiveness, transparency, and ethical values, India can transform sports into a force for fraternity, governance excellence, and soft power diplomacy. In doing so, it fulfills the Supreme Court’s vision of sports as an institution of national life and a catalyst for holistic nation-building.

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