India, as part of the G4 grouping alongside Brazil, Germany, and Japan, has renewed its call for an expanded and reformed United Nations Security Council (UNSC).

Reforms In the UN Security Council (UNSC)

• Reforming the UN Security Council (UNSC) primarily involves expanding its membership, both permanent and non-permanent, to better reflect the current global landscape. 
• This includes addressing the underrepresentation of certain regions, particularly Africa and Asia, and potentially limiting the veto power of permanent members.

India’s Case for Permanent Membership in the UNSC

• Significant Contributor to UN Peacekeeping: India is a founding member of the United Nations. It has consistently been one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping missions over the last 70 years.
• Largest Democracy & Growing Economy: India, with over 1.4 billion people, is the world’s largest democracy and it is the fifth-largest economy (by nominal GDP) and among the fastest-growing major economies.
• Responsible Global Actor: India upholds the principles of multilateralism, rule of law, and India’s foreign policy is anchored in the timeless principles of Panchsheel: mutual respect for sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference, equality, and peaceful coexistence.
• Broad International Support: India’s bid is supported by major global powers like France, Russia, the U.K., and the U.S., recognizing its legitimate aspirations.
• Voice of Global South: India has firmly positioned itself as a leading voice for the Global South, championing the concerns of developing nations on key issues like climate justice, food security etc. Example: During its G20 Presidency in 2023, India placed the Global South at the center of the global agenda by hosting the Voice of the Global South Summit.

About United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

• The UNSC is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN).
  • It is charged with ensuring international peace and security.
  • Recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and 
  • Approving any changes to the UN Charter.

• Members: The Council is composed of 15 Members:
  • Five permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
  • Ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly.
• India and UNSC: India is not a member of the UNSC at present.
  • India had last sat in the Council as a non-permanent member in 2021-22.

Need For UNSC Reforms

• Power and Influence: The UNSC has the highest authority in the UN system. It can impose sanctions, authorize military action, and make binding decisions. This makes its composition and decision making critical.
• Structure Does Not Represent Contemporary Global Landscape: The current composition of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) does not reflect the current global and geopolitical reality. 
  • It also sidelines the representation of emerging economies.
• Underrepresentation of Key Regions: The UNSC’s five permanent members hold veto power, while regions like Africa, Latin America, and Asia lack adequate representation.
  • Africa, despite having 54 nations, has no permanent seat.
  • India, the world’s most populous country and 5th largest economy, is excluded.
• Outdated Veto Power Mechanism: The veto power allows any P5 member to block resolutions, often leading to paralysis (e.g., Syria, Ukraine crisis).
  • Conflicts, terrorism, and humanitarian crises demand a stronger UN response. A reformed Security Council would enhance preventive diplomacy and peacekeeping efforts.
• Legitimacy and Credibility Issues: The UN Security Council’s dominance by a few permanent members weakens trust. Reform is necessary to ensure decisions reflect the interests of all member states.

G4 Proposal for UNSC Expansion Presented In The Inter-Governmental Negotiations (IGN) Meeting for Security Council Reforms

• Total Membership Expansion: The Council membership needs to be increased from 15 to 25 or 26
• Permanent Members: A reformed Security Council would consist of 11 permanent members and 14 or 15 non-permanent members.
• Regional Representation as Basis
  • G4 reaffirmed that regional representation must remain the guiding principle.
  • Opposed attempts to introduce religion or faith as new parameters for representation.

• Permanent Membership: The six proposed new permanent members would be two from Africa, two from Asia Pacific, one from Latin America and the Caribbean, and one from Western Europe and others. 
  • India falls under the Asia Pacific group.Non-Permanent Members: One from Asia Pacific, one from Latin America and the Caribbean, one from Eastern Europe, and one or two from Africa.
  • This would raise the total number of UNSC members to 25 or 26.
• Need for Text-Based Negotiations: Called for immediate initiation of text-based negotiations with clear timelines and milestones.
  • The G4 nations have also encouraged Member States to submit further models of reforms in order to facilitate text-based negotiations.
• Rejection of Partial Expansion: Criticized proposals that expand only non-permanent seats, as they:
  • Fail to address imbalance in permanent membership.
  • Ignore the aspirations of the developing world, especially Africa.
  • Entrench the power of current P5 rather than democratize it.
• Accountability and Working Methods: Called for reforms in working methods and introduction of accountability mechanisms for the Council to function effectively.

France’s Support

• Backed India, Brazil, Germany, and Japan for permanent membership in the Inter-Governmental Negotiations (IGN) Meeting.
• Also supported 2 permanent seats for Africa.
• Agreed future permanent members should have full prerogatives, including veto power.

Other Groups Pushing for UNSC Reform

• Ezulwini Consensus: The Ezulwini Consensus is Africa’s unified demand for at least two permanent seats with veto power and five non-permanent seats in a reformed UNSC. 
  • It highlights the need to rectify the historical injustice of Africa’s exclusion from permanent membership.
• L69 (Developing Nations Group): Advocates for Global South representation and broader UNSC reforms.
  • Members: It consists of 42 developing nations (including India) from Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific (Small Island Developing States).
• C-10 (African Nations Group): A group of ten African states namely Algeria, Equatorial Guinea, the Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Libya, Namibia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia
  • Supports the Common African Position (CAP) for stronger African presence in the UNSC.
• IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa): Calls for comprehensive UN reforms, aligning with G4 and L69 demands.

Challenges To Reforms For The United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

• Resistance from P5 (Permanent Five) Members: The current permanent members are reluctant to dilute their exclusive veto powers. 
  • Veto-wielding members fear losing geopolitical influence with an expanded Council.

• Lack of Consensus Among UN Member States: Divisions exist between different reform groupings like the G4, Uniting for Consensus (UfC), and African Union. 
• Resistance From China: China has consistently opposed India’s bid for permanent membership in the UNSC often citing lack of consensus.
• Disagreements Over Criteria for Membership: There are disagreements over whether expansion should be based on regional representation, economic strength, population size, religion or faith, contributions to the UN etc.
• Procedural Stalemate: Lack of text-based negotiations with timelines has led to repetitive discussions without actionable outcomes. The Intergovernmental Negotiations (IGN) process lacks transparency and accountability.

Way forward

• Push For text-based negotiations: India should rally for adopting clear, written proposals, accompanied by defined timelines and milestones to ensure timely progress in the reform process.
• Build Consensus Among Member States: There is a need to engage regional groups (e.g., L.69, African Union, Arab Group) and bridge differences between G4 and Uniting for Consensus (UfC).
• Leveraging Regional and Thematic Alliances: Engaging with BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue)  and the Global South can help push for UN reforms.
• Strengthening Engagement Outside the UN
  • India must actively participate in multilateral forums beyond the UN to shape global governance.
  • Expanding diplomatic outreach in NAM, WTO, and trade blocs will ensure India’s interests are protected.

Conclusion

A reformed and representative Security Council is crucial to reflect today’s global realities. Achieving balanced representation demands timely, inclusive, and transparent negotiations rooted in genuine commitment to reform.

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