Air pollution in India is not a seasonal issue but a year-round health crisis, leading to increased respiratory diseases, school closures, and diminished urban visibility.

State of Air pollution 

• Global Pollution Rankings: Indian cities frequently rank among the world’s most polluted, with hazardous levels of PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants.
  • India is  ranked as the world’s fifth most polluted country , with Meghalaya’s Byrnihat being the most polluted metropolitan area globally, according to IQAir’s World Air Quality report 2024.
• Limited Awareness and Action: Despite the severe impact, air pollution is often treated as an isolated problem rather than a structural and governance issue.
  

Government Initiatives and Interventions to Curb Air Pollution

• National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): Aims to reduce PM2.5 levels by 40% by 2026, focusing on city-specific air quality improvement plans.

• Bharat VI Emission Standards: Introduced stricter vehicle emission norms to reduce pollution from automobiles.
• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): Promotes clean cooking fuel (LPG) to reduce biomass burning in households.
• Other Programs and Funding: Initiatives such as the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME II) and Swachh Bharat Mission contribute indirectly to air quality improvements.

Challenges with India’s Approach Towards Pollution

• Fragmented and Slow Implementation: Despite multiple programs, lack of coordination among agencies hampers effective action.
• Inadequate Funding and Resource Allocation: NCAP’s budget is significantly lower than required, and only 60% of the allocated funds were utilized between 2019 and 2023.
• Over-reliance on High-Tech Solutions: Smog towers, AI dashboards, and advanced sensors are prioritized over fundamental pollution control measures like reducing biomass burning.
• Limited Local Government Capacity: Municipal bodies operate with outdated infrastructure and insufficient authority to enforce pollution control measures.
• Elite Capture and Urban-Centric Policies: High-tech solutions benefit metropolitan areas, while rural and informal sectors—major pollution contributors—are often overlooked.

Way Forward

• Strengthening Local Governance: Empower municipal bodies with adequate resources and authority for effective pollution control.
• Data-Driven Targeted Actions: Shift from broad pollution monitoring to identifying and addressing specific pollution sources.
• Equitable Policy Implementation: Ensure pollution control measures reach rural and informal sectors, not just urban elites.
• Balancing Research and Action: Establish separate funding for research and immediate, on-ground interventions to accelerate progress.

India’s clean air future depends on people, partnerships, and purposeful action rather than over-reliance on technology or fragmented efforts.

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