Madhavi Gaur
October 01, 2023 11:39
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Lal Bahadur Shastri Jayanti, celebrated on October 2nd. Explore the Early life, Education, contributions, and enduring impact of second Prime Minister of India, Lal Bahadur Shastri.
Lal Bahadur Shastri, born into a Kayastha family on October 2, 1904, faced early adversity with the untimely demise of his father to bubonic plague when he was just 18 months old. Raised by his maternal grandfather, Hazari Lalji, Shastri’s formative years were marked by financial challenges. The family’s move to Varanasi in 1917 set the stage for his formal education at Harish Chandra High School, where he began his academic journey in the seventh standard.
Lal Bahadur Shastri assumed the role of the second Prime Minister of independent India following the unexpected demise of the first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Despite his relatively recent entry into the position, he skillfully navigated the nation through the Indo-Pakistan War in 1965. Renowned for popularizing the slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan,” he underscored the significance of self-sufficiency and independence as fundamental pillars of a robust nation. Despite his physically unassuming and soft-spoken demeanor, Shastri possessed extraordinary willpower. He prioritized being recognized for his actions rather than delivering meticulously crafted speeches with lofty claims.
Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on October 2, 1904, in Mughalsarai, United Provinces (modern-day Uttar Pradesh), Lal Bahadur Shastri was welcomed into the world by Ramdulari Devi and Sharada Prasad Shrivastava. Notably, Mahatma Gandhi, the nation’s founding father, shares the same birthday. Disagreeing with the prevailing caste system, Lal Bahadur expressed a desire to discard his last name. Upon graduating from Kashi Vidyapeeth in Varanasi in 1925, he was bestowed with the title “Shastri,” signifying a “scholar” or someone proficient in the “Holy Scriptures.”
At the tender age of two, Lal Bahadur’s father, Sharada Prasad, a schoolteacher, passed away. His mother, Ramdulari Devi, took him and his two sisters to their maternal grandfather Hazari Lal’s home. During his formative years, Lal Bahadur imbibed values such as bravery, love of exploration, patience, self-control, courtesy, and selflessness.
After completing his early education in Varanasi, Lal Bahadur moved to stay with his maternal uncle. In 1928, he married Lalita Devi, the youngest daughter of Ganesh Prasad. Reflecting his principled stand against the prevailing dowry system, Lal Bahadur initially refused to accept dowry. However, yielding to persistent insistence from his father-in-law, he agreed to accept a modest dowry of merely five yards of khadi (handspun cotton). The couple was blessed with six children.
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Born into a Kayastha family, Shastri’s parents were Sharada Prasad Shrivastava and Ramdulari Devi. The family had a tradition of service to the country, and Lal Bahadur Shastri inherited a sense of patriotism from his parents. The early loss of his father affected the family’s economic stability, and young Shastri had to overcome various challenges.
Lal Bahadur Shastri’s education played a crucial role in shaping his political and ideological outlook. He completed his schooling in Mughalsarai and later pursued higher education at the Kashi Vidyapeeth in Varanasi. His dedication to academics and his interest in social and political issues began to emerge during his university years.
Despite financial constraints, Shastri continued his education and went on to complete a degree at the University of Allahabad. The academic environment exposed him to the ideas of the Indian independence movement, and he became actively involved in the struggle against British rule.
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Every year on October 2, Lal Bahadur Shastri Jayanti is commemorated. Notably, his birthday aligns with Mahatma Gandhi’s birthday, overshadowed by the more widely recognized Gandhi Jayanti. It’s crucial to highlight that both these eminent figures born on this day devoted their lives to the noble cause of the nation. Across the country, celebrations are orchestrated in honor of these two patriots, acknowledging their significant contributions to the Indian independence movement. Additionally, in certain locations, this day is observed as Peace Day.
Shastri’s entry into politics was marked by his association with the Indian National Congress and his commitment to Mahatma Gandhi’s principles of non-violence and civil disobedience. His involvement in various protests and movements against British rule showcased his commitment to the cause of India’s independence.
Lal Bahadur Shastri’s early political career unfolded in the context of the Indian National Movement, where he emerged as a dedicated and disciplined leader. His simplicity and integrity became hallmarks of his persona, earning him the trust and respect of his peers.
The journey from the modest beginnings of Mughalsarai to the political corridors of independent India reflected the resilience and determination that defined Lal Bahadur Shastri’s life. His dedication to the service of the nation and his leadership during challenging times would later distinguish him as the Prime Minister of India and a key figure in the country’s history.
Shastri’s journey as a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi began under the influence of a patriotic teacher, Nishkameshwar Prasad Mishra. The call for students to withdraw from government schools and join the non-cooperation movement led Shastri to leave Harish Chandra High School at the age of 16. His active participation in the freedom struggle resulted in arrests and imprisonment. Shastri’s graduation from Kashi Vidyapith in 1925, with a degree in philosophy and ethics, earned him the title “Shastri.”
Post-graduation, Shastri joined the Servants of the People Society (Lok Sevak Mandal) and worked tirelessly for the betterment of Harijans under the guidance of Gandhi. His commitment to public service saw him rise to the presidency of the Society. Shastri’s involvement in the Indian National Congress deepened, and he became an elected representative for United Provinces in 1937 and 1946.
In the post-independence era, Shastri’s political career took flight as he assumed the role of Parliamentary Secretary in Uttar Pradesh. His ministerial positions included Minister of Police and Transport, Railways Minister, Minister of Commerce and Industry, and Minister of Home Affairs.
The untimely demise of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964 catapulted Shastri into the position of Prime Minister. Despite his mild-mannered demeanor, Shastri’s Nehruvian socialist ideology appealed to those opposing the conservative right-wing. His inaugural broadcast as Prime Minister emphasized the building of a socialist democracy, domestic prosperity, and global peace.
Shastri’s leadership faced the challenging Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965. Responding to the resistance against establishing Hindi as the sole national language, he assured the continued use of English, defusing tension.
Continuing Nehru’s socialist economic policies, Shastri championed the White Revolution, supporting the Amul co-operative to increase milk production. His initiation of the Green Revolution in 1965 aimed at enhancing food grain production, particularly in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
Amidst the Indo-Pak war of 1965, Shastri’s immortal slogan “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan” echoed across the nation, emphasizing the dual significance of soldiers and farmers. This powerful rallying cry resonated deeply during the war.
Lal Bahadur Shastri’s legacy is characterized by his leadership during the war and his unwavering commitment to self-sufficiency in food production. His sudden demise on January 11, 1966, a day after the war’s formal conclusion, left a void that the nation remembers with gratitude. Shastri’s large-heartedness and dedication to public service continue to inspire generations.
Lal Bahadur Shastri, the Prime Minister of India from 1964 to 1966, adhered to Nehru’s non-alignment policy while strengthening ties with the Soviet Union. In response to the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and the growing military alliance between China and Pakistan, Shastri’s government took a proactive stance by expanding the defense budget in 1964.
Shastri fostered closer relations with the Soviet Union, a move that gained significance in the geopolitical landscape. His official visit to Rangoon in 1965 aimed at re-establishing cordial ties with Burma’s military government under General Ne Win showcased his diplomatic acumen.
The Indo-Ceylon Agreement, also known as the Bhandarnaike-Shastri Pact, was a pact inked by the prime ministers of the two nations in 1964. This agreement significantly influenced the status and future of individuals born in India who were residing in Ceylon (later Sri Lanka), particularly those who were the descendants of tea estate laborers transported by the British.
Regarding Burma, strained relations emerged after the military takeover in 1962, leading to the deportation of several Indian families in 1964. To address this situation, Shastriji undertook an official visit to Rangoon in 1965, successfully restoring amicable relations between the two countries.
Background and Approach
Amidst border tensions and skirmishes in the Kutch region in 1965, Shastri presented a steadfast commitment to economic development over military conflicts. He affirmed India’s dedication to peaceful coexistence but made it clear that the nation would not compromise its freedom.
War Developments
The major conflict erupted on August 1, 1965, marked by incursions from militants and Pakistani soldiers. India responded by crossing the Ceasefire Line and even the International Border near Lahore. Intense battles ensued, including tank warfare in Punjab and strategic captures in Kashmir.
Ceasefire and Vision for Peace
The Indo-Pak war concluded on September 23, 1965, following a United Nations-mandated ceasefire. In his national broadcast on the ceasefire day, Shastri emphasized the importance of ending not just the armed conflict but also the deeper-seated issues through peaceful coexistence.
During his tenure, Shastri embarked on diplomatic visits to countries such as the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, England, Canada, Nepal, Egypt, and Burma. Notably, the Tashkent Declaration in 1966, signed with Pakistani President Ayub Khan, marked a significant step towards restoring peace in the aftermath of the war.
Beyond politics, Lal Bahadur Shastri’s personal life reflected simplicity and humility. Standing at 5 ft 2 inches tall, he was known for wearing a dhoti, with rare exceptions for formal occasions. His family life comprised his wife Lalita Devi and six children.
Shastri’s sudden demise in Tashkent on January 11, 1966, one day after signing the peace treaty, left behind a legacy of leadership during a crisis. The circumstances surrounding his death have spurred numerous conspiracy theories, with claims of foul play. His contributions to India’s progress, coupled with his ethical governance, continue to shape the nation’s narrative. Memorials, institutions, and roads named after him stand as testaments to the enduring legacy of Lal Bahadur Shastri.
Lal Bahadur Shastri is now hailed as one of India’s most esteemed Prime Ministers, known for upholding secular principles and firmly refusing to intertwine religion with politics. In a public gathering at Ram Lila grounds in Delhi, soon after the ceasefire, he vehemently objected to a BBC report suggesting that his Hindu identity signaled a readiness for war with Pakistan. Shastri emphasized the diversity of India, embracing Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Parsis, and individuals of all religions. He underscored the crucial distinction between India’s inclusive approach and Pakistan’s use of religion as a political tool.
Kuldip Nayar, Shastri’s media advisor during 1960-1964, recounted poignant instances from Shastri’s life. During the Quit India Movement, Shastri faced personal tragedy as his daughter fell seriously ill. Despite being released on parole from jail, he couldn’t save her due to the high cost of medications. In 1963, after being dropped from the cabinet, Shastri, now in the dark at his home, highlighted the financial burden on himself, emphasizing the modest earnings of an MP and minister.
Though a cabinet minister in the 1950s, Shastri’s financial situation was far from affluent at the time of his death. Owning only an old car bought in instalments from the government, he still had outstanding payments. Shastri’s membership in the Servants of India society reflected his commitment to public service over private wealth. Notably, he was the first railway minister to resign following a major train accident, driven by a sense of moral responsibility.
Shastri’s tenure as Prime Minister witnessed substantial contributions to education and infrastructure. He laid the foundation stone of Bal Vidya Mandir in Lucknow and inaugurated the Central Institute of Technology Campus in Chennai. Shastri authorized the Plutonium Reprocessing Plant at Trombay in 1965, aligning with Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha’s vision for nuclear development. He inaugurated the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, later renamed Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, and the National Institute of Technology in Allahabad.
Posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, Lal Bahadur Shastri is commemorated through various memorials and institutions. Vijay Ghat, a memorial built in Delhi, honors his contributions. The Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration in Mussoorie and the Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of Management in Delhi bear his name. Additionally, the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute underscores his role in fostering scholarly ties between India and Canada.
Memorials, streets, airports, and stadiums across India, from Varanasi to Hyderabad, bear the name of Lal Bahadur Shastri. The Almatti Dam in Karnataka was renamed Lal Bahadur Shastri Sagar. His legacy is also honored through an annual hockey tournament and academic chairs, like the one created in his name at Delhi University.
Shastri’s life and death have been subjects of interest in Indian popular culture. Documentaries like “Homage to Lal Bahadur Shastri” and films like “Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan” and “The Tashkent Files” delve into different aspects of his persona and the mysteries surrounding his death. Television series like “Pradhanmantri” dedicated episodes to his term, ensuring that his legacy remains embedded in the nation’s narrative. A portrait of Shastri in the Central Hall of the Parliament House symbolizes his enduring presence in India’s political history.
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