Answer:

Introduction:

Realpolitik, a term rooted in political realism, refers to a foreign policy approach based on practical objectives and considerations rather than ideological or ethical premises. It emphasizes pragmatic, strategic, and national interest-driven actions in the international arena.

Body:

Definition and Core Principles of Realpolitik:

• Pragmatism Over Ideology: Realpolitik advocates for decisions based on practicality and efficiency rather than moral or ideological considerations.
• National Interest: The primary focus is on the protection and advancement of a nation’s own interests, often emphasizing power and security.
• Diplomatic Flexibility: It involves a flexible approach to diplomacy, where alliances and enmities can shift based on changing circumstances and strategic needs.

Instances in India’s Foreign Policy:

• Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): During the Cold War, India’s participation in NAM demonstrated Realpolitik by not formally aligning with either the United States or the Soviet Union, instead opting to preserve autonomy in foreign policy.
• Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation (1971): Despite NAM, India strategically allied with the Soviet Union to counterbalance threats from Pakistan and China.
• Nuclear Policy: India’s nuclear policy, particularly the decision to conduct nuclear tests in 1998, reflected a Realpolitik approach prioritizing national security and strategic deterrence.

The strategic partnerships with countries like the U.S., Japan, and Australia under the Quad framework, balancing relations with China, and enhancing maritime security indicate a Realpolitik approach. India’s balancing act between the U.S. and Russia, especially in terms of defense procurement (e.g., S-400 missile system from Russia) and energy deals, showcases Realpolitik in navigating complex geopolitical dynamics.

Conclusion: 

Realpolitik in international relations underlines the importance of pragmatic and strategic decision-making based on national interests. India’s foreign policy, evolving through various historical and contemporary phases, exemplifies Realpolitik in action. Whether it was the strategic alliances during the Cold War, nuclear policy decisions, or current geopolitical manoeuvres, India’s approach reflects a blend of pragmatism, flexibility, and a keen focus on safeguarding and promoting national interests in a complex international landscape.

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