Answer

On May 18, 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) faced a significant setback when its 101st mission, the PSLV-C61 carrying the EOS-09 satellite, failed due to a third-stage anomaly. This incident underscores the intricate balance between technological reliability, strategic autonomy, and resource allocation in India’s space endeavors.

Technological Reliability

• Third-Stage Anomaly: A drop in chamber pressure during the third stage led to mission abortion.
  Example: ISRO Chief V. Narayanan confirmed the anomaly, marking the first PSLV failure in 8 years.
• Nozzle Malfunction: A suspected flex nozzle failure in the third-stage motor caused thrust misalignment.
• Quality Control Lapses: Possible quality control issues in the solid-fueled rocket motor may have led to failure.
• Historical Reliability: Despite failure, PSLV maintains a strong track record with only 3 failures since 1993.
  Example: The last PSLV failure occurred in 2017, showing the rarity of such incidents.

Strategic Autonomy

• Surveillance Capabilities: Loss of EOS-09, with synthetic aperture radar, reduces all-weather Earth observation.
  Example: EOS-09 was crucial for border surveillance and disaster management.
• Defense Implications: Consecutive mission failures raise concerns over strategic deterrence and security.
  Example: The earlier failure of NVS-02 satellite in January 2025 intensified defense concerns.
• Dependence on Indigenous Systems: Indigenous launch failures may push India toward foreign collaborations.
  Example: Reliance on external agencies for launches may dilute self-reliance in strategic sectors.
• Global Perception: Repeated setbacks may impact India’s image as a reliable space partner.

Resource Allocation

• Budgetary Constraints: Stagnant budgets affect R&D and reduce mission readiness.
  Example: ISRO’s budget has remained nearly static, affecting technological progression.
• Infrastructure Limitations: Aging facilities may not support complex modern missions.
  Example: Launch pad and testing facility delays hinder mission success.
• Human Resource Challenges: Shortage of skilled manpower hampers planning and execution.
• Project Overlaps: Multiple ongoing projects stretch limited resources.
  Example: Gaganyaan and Bharatiya Antariksh Station missions compete for same technical resources.

Balancing Civilian and Defense Space Priorities

Civilian Space Priorities

• Integrated Earth Observation Missions: Missions should combine environmental and civilian needs like agriculture, water, and disaster monitoring.
  Example: EOS-01 supports both agricultural mapping and flood forecasting through high-resolution imaging.
• Data Democratization: Promote open access to satellite data for startups, academia, and civil users.
  Example: The Indian Space Policy 2023 allows private entities access to ISRO’s data for non-strategic use.
• Infrastructure for Education and Innovation: Strengthen academic linkages and incubation for civil tech innovation.
  Example: ISRO’s IN-SPACe initiative supports space startups and academic R&D.
• Environmental Monitoring: Prioritize satellites for climate change, air quality, and biodiversity.
  Example: INSAT-3DR delivers critical data for cyclone tracking and monsoon prediction.

Defense Space Priorities

• Dedicated Military Satellites: Enhance focus on defense-specific satellites for secure communication and surveillance.
  Example: GSAT-7A provides real-time connectivity for the Indian Air Force.
• Early-Warning Systems: Space assets for missile launch detection and national security are crucial.
  Example: The Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) Programme employs a network of long-range radars and space-based sensors to detect and intercept incoming threats.
• Anti-Satellite Capability: Continue building deterrence in the space domain through precision targeting tech.
  Example: In 2019, India demonstrated its ASAT capabilities in Mission Shakti, signaling defense readiness.
• Strategic Synergy: Encourage structured collaboration between ISRO, DRDO, and the three armed forces.
  Example: The Defence Space Agency operationalized in 2019 to ensure synergy in defense-space projects.

The PSLV-C61 failure highlights key vulnerabilities in India’s space program, from technology lapses to resource constraints. A calibrated approach balancing civilian-defence needs, technological upgrades, and strong funding can reinforce India’s strategic and scientific leadership in space.

DOWNLOAD PDF