Answer

India faces an evolving spectrum of modern threats, including cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, proxy warfare, and economic coercion. These hybrid threats blend conventional and non-conventional tactics, challenging traditional security frameworks. A unified civilian-military response is essential to effectively counter these multifaceted challenges.

Preparedness to Counter Hybrid Threats

• Cybersecurity Enhancements: Strengthened cybersecurity architecture through improved infrastructure, capacity-building, and international cooperation to counter digital hybrid threats.
  Example: India achieved a Tier 1 ranking in the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2024, scoring 98.49, reflecting robust preparedness.
• Defence Integration: Establishment of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) fosters joint military operations across forces.
  Example: Integrated Theatre Commands are being set up to streamline hybrid threat responses.
• Indigenous Defence Production: Schemes like ‘Make in India’ promote self-reliance in defense manufacturing.
  Example: Indigenous development of Dhanush artillery and Light Combat Aircraft Tejas improves strategic autonomy.
• Intelligence Infrastructure: Agencies like RAW, IB, and NTRO collaborate to detect and preempt hybrid threats.
  Example: Joint intelligence exercises help in real-time threat analysis and coordinated responses.
• Adaptive Defence Strategy: India emphasizes evolving tactics under an Adaptive Defence framework.

Shortcomings in Hybrid Threat Response

• Cyber Threat Detection Gaps: Despite advancements, real-time detection and AI-driven responses are inadequate.
  Example: Ransomware attacks on Indian companies highlight gaps in defense layers.
• Coordination Challenges: Multi-agency operations often face delays due to bureaucratic silos.
• Resource Constraints: Budget limitations restrict tech upgrades and skilled manpower recruitment.
  Example: India spends only around 2% of GDP on defense, limiting modernization pace.
• Public Awareness Deficits: Youth and citizens remain vulnerable to propaganda and fake news.
• Policy Implementation Delays: Administrative bottlenecks slow the execution of security policies.
  Example: Delayed rollout of the National Cybersecurity Strategy has left vulnerabilities unaddressed.

Proposed Measures for Enhanced Preparedness

• Cyber Defense Modernization: Expand AI-based cyber monitoring tools and recruit skilled cyber professionals.
  Example: Develop CERT-In into a 24×7 predictive monitoring agency.
• Unified Command Structure: Establish a National Hybrid Threat Command for cross-domain operational synergy.
  Example: A centralized node for real-time intelligence and quick response coordination.
• Public Awareness Campaigns: Educate citizens on disinformation, phishing, and digital hygiene.
• Legislative Reforms: Update cyber laws and introduce strong data protection regulations.
  Example: Enforce provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
• International Collaboration: Engage with global platforms for threat intelligence and training.
  Example: Collaborations with Quad and Interpol improve preparedness through joint exercises.

India’s response to hybrid threats has matured, integrating digital and defense reforms. However, coordination gaps and cyber vulnerabilities persist. Bridging these through unified structures, capacity building, and civic education is vital to safeguard India’s sovereignty in the face of emerging hybrid challenges.

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