Answer

Silicosis, a preventable yet incurable occupational lung disease caused by prolonged exposure to crystalline silica dust, poses a grave health threat to Indian mine workers. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) estimates that over 10 million workers are at risk, with mining being heavily affected. The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 seeks to mitigate such risks, as silicosis often leads to severe lung damage, respiratory failure, and premature death.

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Positives of the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020

• Mandatory Health Check-Ups: The Code mandates annual health check-ups for workers exposed to hazardous substances, enabling early diagnosis of diseases like silicosis.
  For example: Annual screenings under the Code have identified silicosis cases early, improving access to treatment for affected workers.
• Risk Notification by Employers: Employers are required to inform workers about occupational hazards, including the risks of silica exposure.
  For instance: Awareness programs in mining regions have educated workers on preventive measures and symptoms of silicosis, increasing vigilance.
• Provision of Protective Gear: The Code mandates employers to provide workers with protective equipment to minimize exposure to harmful substances.
  For example: Distribution of respirators and masks in mining regions has reduced silica dust inhalation among workers.
• Strengthened Employer Accountability: Employers are obligated to report cases of occupational diseases, ensuring accountability and better monitoring.
  For instance: Improved compliance with the Code has led to better reporting of silicosis cases to relevant authorities.
• Emphasis on Worker Welfare: The Code promotes safe working conditions through regular inspections and guidelines on workplace safety standards.
  For instance: Improved compliance with workplace ventilation standards has reduced dust exposure in mining operations.

Challenges in the Implementation of the Code

• Inadequate Enforcement: Despite clear provisions, enforcement of the Code remains weak, leaving workers exposed to unsafe conditions.
  For example: Reports indicate that many small mines operate without adhering to health and safety norms.
• Misdiagnosis of Silicosis: Many healthcare providers mistake silicosis for other respiratory diseases like tuberculosis, delaying accurate diagnosis and treatment.
• Lack of Data and Monitoring: There is no robust system for tracking silicosis cases, leading to gaps in reporting and intervention.
  For instance: The absence of comprehensive health data on miners has hindered targeted policy actions.
• State-Level Passivity: Mining regions often fail to implement central guidelines, prioritizing revenue over worker safety.
  For example: Limited health facilities and inspections in mining areas contribute to unsafe working conditions.
• Socioeconomic Barriers: Low literacy levels and limited access to legal support in mining regions prevent workers from asserting their rights.
  For instance: Many miners tolerate unsafe conditions due to fear of losing their livelihoods, worsening health risks.

Way Forward

• Strengthening Enforcement Mechanisms: Ensure strict compliance with the Code through regular audits, penalties for violations, and dedicated enforcement bodies.
  For instance: Real-time monitoring systems in mining areas can improve adherence to safety protocols.
• Improved Healthcare Facilities: Establish specialized hospitals and clinics in mining regions to provide effective treatment for silicosis.
  For example: Dedicated silicosis treatment centers have shown success in providing targeted care for affected workers.
• Awareness and Training Programs: Conduct awareness campaigns and train medical practitioners to diagnose silicosis accurately.
  For example: Collaboration between NGOs and health organizations has improved worker education on occupational health risks.
• Enhancing Worker Benefits: Introduce compensation schemes and welfare programs for silicosis-affected workers to ensure financial security.
  For example: Compensation packages for workers diagnosed with silicosis provide much-needed financial relief for affected families.
• Leveraging Technology: Use digital tools like IoT and AI to monitor air quality and silica dust levels in real time, ensuring safer working conditions.
  For example: AI-based dust monitoring systems have significantly reduced silica exposure in mining operations worldwide.

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The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 is a vital step toward ensuring worker safety, but its effectiveness depends on strict implementation and addressing existing gaps. Learning from global best practices, such as South Africa’s mining safety regulations, India can strengthen its response to silicosis. Achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on health and decent work requires coordinated efforts between governments, industries, and stakeholders.

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