Answer:

The Indus Water Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan with the World Bank’s mediation, has been a pillar of hydro-diplomacy between the two countries. The treaty allocated the Indus River and its tributaries, ensuring a stable water-sharing arrangement. However, increasing geopolitical tensions and the impact of climate change are straining the treaty, raising questions about its effectiveness in the 21st century.

Key Provisions of the Indus Water Treaty:

• Water Allocation: The IWT divides the Indus River system, granting India control over the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej), while Pakistan has rights to the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab).
  For example: Pakistan receives 80% of the water from the western rivers, as defined by the treaty.
• Permanent Indus Commission (PIC): The treaty established a bilateral commission to facilitate cooperation and dispute resolution, with annual meetings between the two nations.
  For example: The PIC was instrumental in resolving the Baglihar Dam dispute, maintaining a forum for ongoing dialogue.
• Hydroelectric Project Limitations: India is allowed to develop hydroelectric projects on western rivers under certain conditions to ensure that water flow is not significantly altered.
  For example: The Kishanganga project raised concerns from Pakistan about compliance with treaty provisions, particularly regarding flow alterations.
• Dispute Resolution Mechanism: The IWT provides a structured mechanism to resolve disputes through neutral experts or the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) when required.
  For example: The Baglihar dispute was resolved by a neutral expert appointed by the World Bank, avoiding escalation.
• Uninterrupted Water Flow: The treaty ensures Pakistan receives uninterrupted water from the western rivers, restricting India’s projects that may impact this flow.
  For example: India’s projects on the Chenab River have been carefully monitored to ensure compliance with this clause.

Successes in Maintaining Hydro-Diplomacy:

• Longevity of the Treaty: The IWT has survived multiple wars and political conflicts between India and Pakistan, proving its resilience as a water-sharing mechanism.
  For example: The treaty remained intact during the 1971 war, emphasising its importance in maintaining stability.
• Effective Dispute Resolution: The IWT’s dispute resolution mechanism has successfully prevented conflicts from escalating by providing structured pathways for resolving issues.
• Facilitation of Dialogue: The PIC meetings have provided a consistent platform for dialogue between the two countries, even amid heightened tensions.
• Prevention of Water Wars: The IWT has prevented major water conflicts, even during severe geopolitical strain, by ensuring clear and equitable water-sharing arrangements.
  For example: India’s restraint during the Ratle Dam dispute helped avoid a potential escalation into conflict.
• Sustainable Water Usage: The treaty has promoted sustainable water management, benefiting agriculture and energy generation for both countries under its framework.

Challenges faced by the Treaty:

• Geopolitical Tensions: Rising political tensions between India and Pakistan have eroded trust, making it difficult to ensure the treaty’s smooth functioning.
  For example: In 2023, India suspended PIC meetings, reflecting a significant strain in bilateral relations.
• Climate Change: The IWT does not address climate change, which is causing shifts in river flows and increasing water scarcity in both countries.
  For example: Glacial melting in the Himalayas threatens to reduce the water supply, adding new challenges for both nations.
• Infrastructure Projects: India’s hydroelectric projects on western rivers have triggered disputes, as Pakistan fears these could disrupt water flows.
  For example: The Kishanganga dispute highlighted concerns about the impact of infrastructure on water distribution.
• Technological Advancements: The treaty’s outdated provisions struggle to accommodate modern technology for water management and electricity generation.
• Population Growth: Both countries face rapidly growing populations, which has increased water demand, putting additional strain on the Indus River system.

Ways to Make the Treaty Relevant for the 21st Century:

• Incorporating Climate Change Adaptations: The treaty should include provisions to address climate change, such as flexible water-sharing during extreme weather events.
  For example: Joint efforts to monitor glacial melt could improve water management for both countries.
• Modernising Technical Clauses: Updating the treaty’s technical standards would allow both nations to incorporate new irrigation and hydroelectric technologies.
• Enhanced Data Sharing: Establishing a robust data-sharing mechanism on river flows, water usage, and climate impacts would build transparency and trust.
• Expanding International Mediation: The role of international bodies, such as the World Bank, could be expanded to mediate future disputes and ensure impartiality.
  For instance: A dedicated environmental expert panel could assist with resolving climate-related water issues.
• Joint Water Management Projects: India and Pakistan could pursue joint infrastructure projects, such as shared dams or hydropower plants, fostering cooperation over shared resources.

Despite evolving geopolitical and climate challenges, the Indus Water Treaty remains a vital tool for maintaining hydro-diplomacy between India and Pakistan. By modernising the treaty to incorporate climate resilience, enhance cooperation, and update technical provisions, both nations can continue to benefit from sustainable water-sharing arrangements, ensuring water security for the 21st century.

DOWNLOAD PDF