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Force and Pressure: Effects on Motion and Shape

December 22, 2023 1174 0

Force and Pressure: Impact on Motion and Structures:

Force, a vector quantity, represents interactions between objects, causing motion or deformation. Pressure, on the other hand, is force per unit area. Pressure influences scientific and engineering realms. 

Force and Pressure: Understanding Pushes, Pulls and their effects on Motion:

  • Force on Ball: Impact on Moving Objects: Whenever actions such as kicking, pushing, throwing, or flicking are performed on a ball, a force is applied.
  • Science of Descriptive Actions: Activities such as picking, opening, shutting, kicking, hitting, lifting, flicking, pushing, and pulling.
  • Impact of Actions on object motion: Each action typically results in an alteration in the object’s motion.
  • Mechanics: Dynamics of Forces and Actions: Most actions can be categorized as either a pull, a push, or sometimes both.
  • Understanding the Push and Pull in Science: In scientific terms, a force is described as a push or pull exerted on an object, causing it to move.

 a) A goal keeper saving a goal, (b) A hockey player flicking a ball, and (c) A fielder stopping a ball

What is the process by which interactions, motion, force and pressure occur in dynamic systems?

A man standing behind a stationary car

A car being pushed by a man

  • Forces and Motion in Everyday Scenarios: A stationary car with a man behind it. 
    • Simply being behind the car doesn’t cause it to move. 
    • On pushing the car, it responds by moving in the direction of the applied force. 
  • Instances of Interactions in everyday scenarios:
    • Two girls pushing each other. 
    • Two girls pulling each other. 
    • A man and a cow in a tug-of-war. 

Who is pushing whom?

Who is pulling whom?

  • Insight: Object interactions: A force emerges from the interaction between at least two objects. 
    • Consequently, when one object interacts with another, a force is generated between them.

Who is pulling whom?

How do Force and Pressure shape the dynamics of Tug-of-War?

  • Tug-of-War Example: Two opposing teams exert force on a rope. 
  • Occasionally, the rope remains stationary. The team exerting a greater force typically emerges as the winner.

The rope may not move if the two teams pull at it with equal force

How do Forces accumulate and oppose each other in Tug-of-War scenarios?

  • When forces are applied in the same direction, they accumulate.
  • If forces act in contrasting directions, the resultant force is their difference.
  • In scenarios like a tug-of-war, equal forces from opposing directions mean no movement.

Characteristics and impact of force: Magnitude, Direction and Effects

  • Force is characterized by its magnitude.
  • The direction of a force is as crucial as its strength.
  • Altering the force’s direction or magnitude modifies its effects.

 Impact of Force and Pressure on Object Motion:

  • Experiment with a Ball: Ball’s response to Applied Forces:
    • When you gently push a stationary rubber ball on a level surface, it begins to move. 
    • Pushing the moving ball either increases or decreases its speed based on the direction of the force.
    • Placing your palm momentarily in front of the moving ball applies a force. 
    • The speed of the ball may change depending on the nature of the contact.

A ball at rest begins to move when a force is applied on it

  • Football Analogy: Forces in Action from Penalty Kicks to Goalkeeper Saves:
    • Before a penalty kick, the ball is stationary with zero speed.
    • The player’s kick applies force, causing the ball to move towards the goal.
    • A goalkeeper’s dive to save the goal applies force to the ball which can stop or deflect it, reducing its speed to zero.
  • Observation: Speed Variations in Object Motion:
    • A force on an object can change its speed.
    • If force direction aligns with the object’s motion, its speed increases.
    • Opposite directional force results in decreased object speed.
  • Children’s Game with Tyre: Children push a rubber tyre to move it, increasing its speed with every push.

To move a tyre faster it has to be pushed repeatedly

  • Change in Direction due to Force:
    • Pushing a moving ball and placing a ruler in its path can change its direction based on the angle at which the ball strikes the ruler.
    • Volleyball players apply force to the ball to direct it, changing both speed and direction.
    • In cricket, batsmen apply force on the ball with their bat, altering its direction.
    • Both speed and direction of the ball can change due to force application. 
  • State of Motion: From Rest to Dynamic Forces in Objects: An object’s state of motion comprises its speed and direction. Rest represents a state of zero speed. 
    • A change in speed, direction, or both, equates to a change in an object’s state of motion. 
    • Both motion and rest are considered states of motion.
  • Force and Motion Dynamics: Changes in Object States: Force does not necessarily alter the state of motion of an object. 
    • Example: A heavy box that doesn’t move regardless of the applied force or a wall that remains unaffected when pushed.

(a) A ball set in motion by pushing it along a level surface and (b) the direction of motion of the ball after it strikes the ruler placed in its path

How do Forces and Pressure impact the motion and shape of objects?

  • Examples of Force Changing Shape: These include pressing an inflated balloon alters its shape; rolling a ball of dough into a chapati changes its form and pressing a rubber ball on a table modifies its shape etc.
  • Conclusion from Observations: Based on the above observation, we can say that Force can:
    • Initiate motion in a stationary object.
    • Change an object’s speed.
    • Alter the direction of motion.
    • Modify the shape of an object.
    • Cause combinations of the above effects.
  • Importance of Force: Actions such as movement, change in speed, direction or shape require the presence of a force. Objects can’t initiate these changes by themselves.

Contact Forces: Friction, Motion, Force and Pressure interaction

  • Muscular Force: Actions like pushing a book or lifting a bucket necessitate physical contact to apply force.
    • This interaction often stems from our body’s muscles. 
    • Hence, termed muscular force.
    • Animals like bullocks, horses, and camels also use muscular force for tasks
    • As muscular force requires direct contact, it’s categorized as a contact force.

 Muscular force of animals is used to carry out many difficult tasks

  • Friction: Invisible Force Behind Motion Halt:
    • Observations:
      • A rolling ball stops eventually.
      • A bicycle, when not pedaled, slows down and stops.
      • A vehicle halts when its engine is turned off.
      • A boat stops moving once rowing ceases.
    • Despite no visible force acting, these objects cease motion due to a contact force known as friction. 
      • Friction arises from surface interactions and operates opposite to the motion’s direction.

Observing attraction and repulsion between two magnets

Non-contact Forces: Magnet Experiments and Electrostatic Influences

  • Magnetic Force: Non-Contact Forces in Bar Magnet Experiments:
    • Experiment with Bar Magnets: Using two bar magnets and rollers, it’s observed that without touching each other, one magnet influences the movement of the other. 
    • Inference: Magnets exhibit either attraction or repulsion depending on their poles. 
      • This force between magnets occurs even without direct contact. 
      • Thus, the force exerted by a magnet, either on another magnet or on iron, exemplifies a non-contact force.
  • Electrostatic Force: Non-Contact Forces in Charged Straw Experiments:
    • Experiment with Plastic Straws: Rubbing one end of a plastic straw with paper charges it. 
      • When brought close to another similarly charged straw (without contact), there’s a noticeable influence on its behavior. 
    • Inference: Rubbing gives the straw an electrostatic charge. 
      • The force exerted by one charged body on another, whether charged or uncharged, is termed electrostatic force, a non-contact force.
  • Mechanics of Gravitational Forces in Everyday Observations:
    • Observations: Objects like coins or pens fall when dropped; fruits and leaves descend when detached from plants.
    • Inference: The change in the state of motion indicates the influence of a force. 
      • This force, making objects fall toward the Earth, is called gravitational force or gravity. 
      • All objects experience this constant force.

A straw rubbed with paper attracts another straw but repels it if it has also been rubbed with a sheet of paper

 

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Quick Revise Now !
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध

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