Answer:

Introduction:

Global warming is a pressing environmental issue that has far-reaching implications for the Earth’s climate system. It refers to the long-term increase in average temperatures due to the accumulation of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) in the atmosphere. This rise in temperature has several effects on global climate patterns, including increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, melting glaciers and polar ice caps, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems.

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GHG emission and promoting international cooperation:

To combat rising levels of GHGs and combat global warming, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997. The protocol aimed to reduce emissions of six primary GHGs, namely carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).

• Emission reduction targets: The Kyoto Protocol established binding emission reduction targets for developed countries, known as Annex I countries. These countries were required to reduce their GHG emissions to specified levels below their 1990 baseline.
• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): The CDM allowed Annex I countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries, which helped them earn carbon credits. This mechanism aimed to promote sustainable development while reducing global emissions.
• Joint Implementation (JI): JI enabled Annex I countries to implement emission reduction projects jointly and earn emission reduction units (ERUs) as credits toward meeting their reduction targets.
• Emissions Trading: The Kyoto Protocol introduced emissions trading, allowing Annex I countries to buy and sell emission allowances, providing flexibility in meeting their targets.
• Technology Transfer and Financial Assistance: The protocol emphasized technology transfer and financial support from developed countries to developing countries to aid their efforts in reducing GHG emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change.

The Kyoto Protocol played a significant role in raising global awareness about climate change and establishing a framework for international cooperation, it faced challenges due to limited participation and lack of binding commitments from major emitters like the United States and China. It laid the foundation for subsequent climate agreements, such as the Paris Agreement in 2015.

Conclusion:

The Kyoto Protocol, established in 1997, played a crucial role in addressing global warming by setting emission reduction targets for participating countries. Control measures to curb greenhouse gas emissions include adopting renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, implementing carbon pricing mechanisms, and promoting sustainable practices. Continued international cooperation and adherence to such protocols are essential in mitigating global warming’s detrimental effects and achieving a sustainable and resilient future.

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