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Industrial pollution of river water poses a serious environmental challenge in India, severely impacting ecosystems, public health, and livelihoods. Rapid industrialization and inadequate waste management have resulted in hazardous effluents contaminating rivers, leading to declining water quality. A notable example is the Periyar River, particularly the Eloor-Edayar belt, home to over 285 industrial companies, with more than 100 classified as high-polluting.

Industrial Pollution of River Water as a Significant Environmental Issue

• Impact on Drinking Water Sources: Industrial pollution contaminates drinking water sources with hazardous substances, posing serious health risks and increasing the incidence of waterborne diseases among affected communities.
  For example: The Yamuna River, polluted by industrial waste from Delhi and nearby regions has made the water unsuitable for drinking.
• Loss of Aquatic Biodiversity: Industrial pollution disrupts ecosystems and food chains, leading to the death of aquatic species and diminishing the overall health of river environments.
• Threat to Public Health: People living near polluted rivers suffer from severe health problems, including skin diseases, respiratory issues, and gastrointestinal disorders.
• Contamination of Agricultural Land: Polluted river water used for irrigation contaminates soil and crops, leading to reduced agricultural productivity and health risks.
  For example: The textile and dyeing industries in Punjab significantly pollute the Sutlej River contaminating soil, and negatively impacting agricultural productivity and public health.
• Economic Losses to Fishing Communities: Pollution leads to the death of fish and other aquatic organisms, impacting fishing communities economically.
  For example: The Chaliyar River in Kerala heavily polluted by a pulp and paper mill, leading to a significant decline in fish populations caused economic hardships for local fishing communities reliant on their catches.

Mitigation measures for addressing the Industrial pollution in river water:

• Robust Regulatory Framework: Implementing stringent regulations and penalties to control pollutant discharges from industries can significantly reduce river contamination.
  For example: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 in India sets effluent standards for industries, resulting in improved compliance and lower pollution levels in rivers like the Ganga.
• Installation of Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs): Mandating the installation of ETPs ensures that industrial wastewater is properly treated before being discharged into rivers.
  For example: The textile sector in Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, has effectively utilised ETPs, leading to a substantial reduction in pollution in local waterways.
• Advancement of Cleaner Technologies: Promoting the adoption of cleaner technologies in industries can minimise pollution at the source.
• Financial Incentives for Compliance: Providing financial incentives or subsidies for industries that adopt pollution control measures can encourage better practices.
  For instance: The Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme incentivizes industries to improve energy efficiency.
• Engagement of Community Participation: Involving local communities in monitoring and reporting pollution can enhance accountability and transparency.
  For example: In the case of the Sabarmati River, community groups have played a crucial role in monitoring efforts, leading to increased scrutiny and action against polluting industries.

Government policies and programs to tackle river pollution from industries:

• National River Conservation Program (NRCP): This program aims to enhance the water quality of India’s major rivers through targeted pollution control measures.
  For instance: As per the GoI data NRCP has so far covered polluted stretches on 38 rivers in 82 towns in 16 States across the country.
• Ganga River Basin Management Initiative: A comprehensive strategy designed to restore the ecological health of the Ganga River through coordinated management efforts.
  For example: Namami Gange Program focuses on cleaning and rejuvenating the Ganges River through pollution control, river surface cleaning, and promoting public awareness.
• National Water Quality Monitoring Programme: This initiative monitors river water quality in India, providing essential data to guide pollution control and promote sustainable management, thereby enhancing river health and community well-being.
• Environment Protection Act (1986): This legislation regulates industrial discharges and mandates pollution control measures, holding industries accountable for river pollution.
• National Water Policy: This policy establishes a framework for the sustainable management of water resources, including pollution control measures.
  For example: It promotes the establishment of regulatory frameworks for wastewater treatment and river pollution management.
• Pollution Control Boards (CPCB and SPCBs): These regulatory bodies monitor and regulate pollution levels in water bodies, ensuring compliance with environmental standards.

Tackling industrial pollution in India’s rivers is vital for safeguarding public health and ecosystems. The Mihir Shah Committee emphasizes the importance of coordinated efforts. By integrating advanced technologies, enforcing stringent regulations, and fostering public engagement, India can improve river conservation, securing clean water for future generations while harmonizing economic growth with environmental protection.

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