Sattriya: Assam’s Spiritual Dance Heritage

Introduction

Sattriya, originating from Assam, is a classical dance form with spiritual roots in the Sattras (monastic institutions). It features graceful movements, intricate footwork, and devotional themes inspired by the Bhakti movement and Assamese culture.

Origin and Evolution

• It originated during the 15th century AD through the efforts of Sankaradeva, to promote the Vaishnava faith. 
  • The songs are compositions of Shankaradeva, known as ‘Borgeets’. 
• The neo-Vaishnava treasure of Assamese dance and drama has been nurtured and preserved by the  Vaishnava maths, also known as Sattras. [UPSC 2014]
  • This dance style has been aptly named Sattriya because of its religious character and association with the Sattras.
• There were two dance forms prevalent in Assam before the neo-Vaishnava movement – Ojapali and Devadasi.
• It also drew inspiration from various Assamese folk dances, such as Bihu and Bodos, incorporating shared hand gestures and rhythmic syllables.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

Features

• It combines music, dance, and drama, which are performed in groups by male monks known as ‘Bhokots’ as part of their daily rituals or even at festivals. 
• Sattriya dance leans heavily on singing and dancing, with minimal emphasis on speech and dialogue.
• Khol (drum), Cymbals (Manjira) and flute are the primary instruments used. 
• Costumes:
  • ‘Dhoti’ and ‘Paguri’ (turban) are worn by male dancers.
  • Females wear traditional Assamese jewellery, ‘Ghuri’ and ‘Chador’ made in Pat silk.
• It combines both Lasya and Tandava elements. 
• The dance adheres to well-defined principles governing hasta mudras, footwork, aharyas (costumes), and music.
• The tradition encompasses two distinct streams: 
• Bhaona – It is a related repertoire starting from the Gayan-Bhayanar Nach to the Kharmanar Nach.
• Chali, Rajagharia Chali, Jhumura, Nadu Bhangi etc, which are independent dance numbers. Chali is characterised by grace and elegance, while Jhumura exudes vigour and majestic beauty.

Famous proponents: Jatin Goswami, Ghanakanta Bora, Krishnakshi Kashyap, etc.

Conclusion

• Sattriya, deeply ingrained in Assam’s cultural heritage, exemplifies a harmonious blend of devotion, artistry, and tradition. 
  • Its elegant expressions and rhythmic nuances reflect the spiritual essence of Assamese culture, captivating audiences and preserving this ancient dance form for posterity.