An international research team has mapped the genome of the saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) — the world’s rarest large land mammal, nicknamed the “Asian unicorn”.

• The genome study, published in Cell (2025), offers critical insights for the conservation of this critically endangered species.

Key Findings of the Genome Study

• Complete genomes of 26 individuals reconstructed: Provides a comprehensive understanding of the saola’s genetic diversity and population structure.
• Historically split into two distinct populations (5,000–20,000 years ago):  Likely caused by habitat changes during the Last Glacial Maximum and later human-driven landscape changes (~4,000 years ago) due to agriculture and forest loss.
• Both populations lost different sets of genetic variation: Their genetic diversity is complementary; combining individuals from both groups can restore overall genetic health.
• Populations remain genetically viable if combined: Offers a strong scientific basis for designing future captive breeding and reintroduction programmes to boost survival prospects.

About Saola

• Scientific Name: Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
• Discovery: First described in 1993.
• Habitat: Misty highland forests of Annamite mountains (Vietnam-Laos border).
• Conservation Status: Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List).
• Estimated Population (2015): ~50–300 individuals
• Observations:
  • Never seen alive by scientists in the wild.
  • Only 5 camera-trap observations + physical remains (skulls, skins)
• Conservation Significance
  • Threats: Saola faces extinction threats due to: Indiscriminate snaring (bycatch from hunting traps); Habitat loss and disturbance (agriculture, deforestation).
  • Captive Breeding Plan: Establish captive breeding center in Vietnam.
    • Aim to capture 12+ individuals (from both populations) for breeding and reintroduction in protected, poaching-free zones.