An international research team has mapped the genome of the saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) — the world’s rarest large land mammal, nicknamed the “Asian unicorn”.
- The genome study, published in Cell (2025), offers critical insights for the conservation of this critically endangered species.
Key Findings of the Genome Study

- Complete genomes of 26 individuals reconstructed: Provides a comprehensive understanding of the saola’s genetic diversity and population structure.
- Historically split into two distinct populations (5,000–20,000 years ago): Likely caused by habitat changes during the Last Glacial Maximum and later human-driven landscape changes (~4,000 years ago) due to agriculture and forest loss.
- Both populations lost different sets of genetic variation: Their genetic diversity is complementary; combining individuals from both groups can restore overall genetic health.
- Populations remain genetically viable if combined: Offers a strong scientific basis for designing future captive breeding and reintroduction programmes to boost survival prospects.
About Saola
- Scientific Name: Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
- Discovery: First described in 1993.
- Habitat: Misty highland forests of Annamite mountains (Vietnam-Laos border).
- Conservation Status: Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List).
- Estimated Population (2015): ~50–300 individuals
- Observations:
- Never seen alive by scientists in the wild.
- Only 5 camera-trap observations + physical remains (skulls, skins)
- Conservation Significance
- Threats: Saola faces extinction threats due to: Indiscriminate snaring (bycatch from hunting traps); Habitat loss and disturbance (agriculture, deforestation).
- Captive Breeding Plan: Establish captive breeding center in Vietnam.
- Aim to capture 12+ individuals (from both populations) for breeding and reintroduction in protected, poaching-free zones.
Additional Reading: Genome Mapping
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