Ans: C

Exp:

In humid regions, which receive heavy rainfall running water is considered the most important of the geomorphic agents in bringing about the degradation of the land surface. There are two components of running water. One is overland flow on general land surface as a sheet.  Another is linear flow as streams and rivers in valleys.

Erosional landforms of running water are :

• Valleys 
• Potholes
• Plunge pools
• Incised meanders
• River terrace

Depositional landforms of running water are :

• Deltas
• Alluvial fans
• Flood plains
• Point bar
• Meanders

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: A gorge and a canyon are both geological landforms associated with erosional features of rivers with deep valleys, but they have some distinguishing characteristics. A gorge is a deep valley with very steep to straight sides, and the canyon is characterised by steep step-like side slopes.

Statement 2 is incorrect:  A gorge is almost equal in width at its top as well as its bottom. In contrast, a canyon is wider at its top than at its bottom.  In fact, a canyon is a variant of gorge.

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: Karst topography, often referred to simply as “karst,” is a distinctive landscape that results from the dissolution of soluble rocks, primarily limestone, gypsum, and dolomite. It is characterised by various unique surface features, including sinkholes, caves, disappearing streams, underground drainage systems, and limestone pavements.. Any limestone or dolomitic region showing typical landforms produced by the action of groundwater through the processes of solution and deposition is called Karst topography.

Statement 2 is incorrect: In Karst topography, both erosional and depositional factors are active in the formation of landforms. Pillars, stalactites, and stalagmites are deposition features of the Karst topography.

• Stalactites hang as icicles of different diameters. Normally, they are broad at their bases and taper towards the free ends showing up in a variety of forms. They get eroded due to water.

Stalagmites rise up from the floor of the caves. They form due to dripping water from the surface or through the thin pipe, of the stalactite, immediately below it.

Ans : D

Exp:

Glaciers or moving ice rivers have various depositional landforms. Esker, outwash plains and drumlins are a few of them.

• • Outwash Plains: The plains at the foot of the glacial mountains or beyond the limits of continental ice sheets are covered with glacio-fluvial deposits in the form of broad flat alluvial fans, which may join to form outwash plains of gravel, silt, sand and clay. 

• Drumlins: They are smooth oval-shaped ridge-like features composed mainly of glacial till with some masses of gravel and sand. The long axes of drumlins are parallel to the direction of ice movement. The drumlins form due to the dumping of rock debris beneath heavily loaded ice through fissures in the glacier. The stoss end gets blunted due to pushing by moving ice. Drumlins give an indication of the direction of glacier movement.

• Eskers : They are ridges made of sands and gravels, deposited by glacial meltwater flowing through tunnels within and underneath glaciers, or through meltwater channels on top of glaciers. Over time, the channel or tunnel gets filled up with sediments.

Ans: C

Exp:

Landforms are created by Winds, Glaciers, Running water, etc.  A few of them are given below:   

• Plains are by far the most prominent landforms in the deserts. In basins with mountains and hills around and along, the drainage is towards the centre of the basin and due to gradual deposition of sediment from basin margins, a nearly level plain forms at the centre of the basin. In times of sufficient water, this plain is covered up by a shallow water body. Such types of shallow lakes are called as playas where water is retained only for short duration due to evaporation and quite often the playas contain good deposition of salts. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.

• Mushroom rocks: They are rock outcrops in the deserts, easily susceptible to wind deflation and abrasion, are worn out quickly, leaving some remnants of resistant rocks polished beautifully in the shape of mushrooms with a slender stalk and a broad and rounded pear-shaped cap above. Mushroom rocks are erosional landforms in the arid and desert regions.  Hence , Statement 2 is correct.