Ans: C

Exp:

By the dawn of the 20th century, a band of nationalist thinkers had emerged who advocated a more militant approach to political work. These included Raj Narain Bose, Ashwini Kumar Dutta, Aurobindo Ghosh, and Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal; Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar and Bal Gangadhar Tilak in Maharashtra; and Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab. 

The basic tenets of this school of thought were:

• Hatred for foreign rule; since no hope could be derived from it, Indians should work out their own salvation;
• Swaraj to be the goal of the national movement;
• Direct political action required; belief in the capacity of the masses to challenge the authority;
• Personal sacrifices are required, and a true nationalist should always be ready for it

Ans: D

Exp:

By the dawn of the 20th century, a band of nationalist thinkers had emerged who advocated a more militant approach to political work. These included Raj Narain Bose, Ashwini Kumar Dutta, Aurobindo Ghosh, and Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal; Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar and Bal Gangadhar Tilak in Maharashtra; and Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab. These militant nationalists tried to transform the anti-partition and Swadeshi Movement into a mass struggle and gave the slogan of India’s independence from foreign rule.

Reference: Spectrum, Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909)

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement-I is correct: The British government’s decision to partition Bengal was made public in December 1903. The idea was to have two provinces: Bengal comprising Western Bengal as well as the provinces of Bihar and Orissa, and Eastern Bengal, and Assam. Bengal retained Calcutta as its capital, while Dacca became the capital of Eastern Bengal.

Statement-II is correct:  The official Reason given for the decision was that Bengal, with a population of 78 million (about a quarter of the population of British India), had become too big to be administered. It was also stated that partition would help in the development of Assam if it came under the direct jurisdiction of the government. This was true to some extent, but the real motive behind the partition plan was seen to be the British desire to weaken Bengal, the nerve centre of Indian nationalism.

Reference: Spectrum, Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909)

Ans: B

Exp:

The role of moderates in the Swadeshi Movement in India was significant, as they played a key role in shaping the early stages of this nationalist movement. Moderate leaders, such as Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjea, K.K. Mitra, and Prithwishchandra Ray, advocated for a more cautious and non-violent approach to achieving self-rule. Here are some key aspects of the role of moderates in the Swadeshi Movement:

• • Social base—zamindars and upper middle classes in towns.

• Demanded constitutional reforms and a share for Indians in services. Hence, Statement 1 is correct. 

• Ideological inspiration for moderates was Western liberal thought and European history. It was Extremists who were  Ideologically inspired by Indian history, cultural heritage, and Hindu traditional symbols. Hence, Statement 2 is incorrect.

• • Believed in England’s providential mission in India.
  • Believed political connections with Britain to be in India’s social, political, and cultural interests.
  • Professed loyalty to the British Crown.
  • Believed that the movement should be limited to middle-class intelligentsia; the masses are not yet ready to participate in political work.

• Insisted on the use of constitutional methods only. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

• They were patriots and did not play the role of a comprador class.

 Reference: Spectrum, Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909)

Ans: D

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: The Swadeshi Movement was a significant phase in the Indian freedom struggle against British colonial rule. It was characterised by the promotion of indigenous products, boycotts of British goods, and a sense of national pride and self-reliance. On August 7, 1905, with the passage of the Boycott Resolution in a massive meeting held in the Calcutta Townhall, the formal proclamation of the Swadeshi Movement was made by moderate leaders.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The movement failed to create an effective organisation or a party structure. It threw up an entire gamut of techniques that later came to be associated with Gandhian politics—noncooperation, passive resistance, filling of British jails, social reform, and constructive work—but failed to give these techniques a disciplined focus.

Statement 3 is correct: The Extremists wanted to extend the Boycott and Swadeshi Movement to regions outside Bengal. The Moderates, on the other hand, were not in favour of extending the movement beyond Bengal and were totally opposed to boycotting councils and similar associations. They advocated constitutional methods to protest against the partition of Bengal. As a result, The Congress split at Surat in December 1907.

Reference: Spectrum, Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909)