Answer:

The issue of trying juveniles as adults in the legal system is highly contentious, balancing the need for accountability with the principles of rehabilitation. A recent tragic incident in Pune, where a speeding car allegedly driven by a teenager killed two young tech professionals, has reignited the debate. This incident raises critical questions about whether juveniles should be tried as adults, particularly in cases of severe offences.

Ethical Implications of Trying Juveniles as Adults:

• Maturity and Responsibility: Adolescents have underdeveloped impulse control and judgement, making it ethically complex to hold them to adult standards of responsibility.
  For example: The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, emphasises rehabilitation over punishment, reflecting the understanding of adolescent immaturity.
• Rehabilitation vs. Punishment: The juvenile justice system focuses on rehabilitation, while adult trials lean towards punishment, potentially hindering the adolescent’s reformative potential.
  For example: The role of the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) in conducting preliminary assessments ensures a fair approach considering the offender’s age and circumstances.
• Psychological Impact: Trying juveniles as adults can have severe psychological effects, causing long-term trauma and affecting their mental health.
  For example: Judicial precedents, such as in Dr. Subramanian Swamy v. Raju 2013, stresses the importance of recognizing juveniles’ neuroplasticity and potential for reform.
• Deterrence vs. Reform: The ethical debate questions whether severe punishment deters juvenile crime or merely subjects young offenders to a punitive system without addressing underlying issues.
  For example: Recent amendments to  the JJ Act, 2015 allows for the possibility of trying adolescents above 16 as adults if they are accused of committing a “heinous” offence, balancing accountability with ethical considerations.
• Social Reintegration: Rehabilitation aims at reintegrating juveniles into society, whereas adult punishment may lead to stigmatisation and social exclusion.
• Rights of the Child: Ethical considerations must align with the rights of the child as per international conventions and national laws, which emphasise care and protection over punitive measures.
  For example: The JJ Act, 2015 empowers the JJB to tailor a response fitting the circumstances and the adolescent involved, with the goal of rehabilitation.
• Equity and Justice: Ensuring equity in the justice system means recognizing the developmental differences between juveniles and adults and providing a system that addresses these differences justly.

Way Forward:

• Strengthening Rehabilitation Programs: Develop comprehensive rehabilitation programs that address psychological, social, and educational needs of juvenile offenders.
  For example: Establish specialised centres offering therapy, vocational training, and education tailored to the needs of juvenile offenders.
• Enhancing Judicial Training: Provide specialised training for judicial officers and JJB members on the ethical considerations of juvenile justice.
  For example: Regular workshops and seminars can be conducted to update judicial officers on the latest research and best practices in juvenile justice.
• Community Involvement: Engage communities in rehabilitation efforts to support the reintegration of juveniles and reduce recidivism.
  For example: Community service programs involving local mentors and support groups can help juveniles build positive relationships and integrate back into society.
• Policy Revisions: Periodically review and update juvenile justice policies to ensure they align with evolving ethical standards and international conventions.
  For example: Establish a review committee to assess the effectiveness of current policies and recommend necessary changes every few years.
• Awareness Campaigns: Conduct public awareness campaigns to educate society on the importance of rehabilitation over punishment for juvenile offenders.
  For example: Media campaigns, school programs, and public forums can highlight success stories of rehabilitated juveniles and the benefits of a rehabilitative approach.
• Interdisciplinary Approach: Integrate psychological, social, and legal expertise in handling juvenile cases to provide a holistic approach to justice.
  For example: Form multidisciplinary teams including psychologists, social workers, and legal experts to assess and support each juvenile offender’s needs.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: Implement robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to assess the effectiveness of juvenile justice interventions and make necessary improvements.
  For example: Create a centralised database to track the progress of juveniles through the justice system and regularly publish reports on the outcomes of various interventions.

The juvenile justice system in India must navigate the balance between accountability and rehabilitation. Fostering a forward-looking approach that emphasises holistic development and reintegration of juvenile offenders can create a more just and humane society. By continuously evolving our legal frameworks and practices, we can better address the ethical challenges of trying juveniles as adults, ensuring a fair and effective justice system for all.