Pahari Painting: Mughal Influence in Himalayan Art

Introduction 

• During the 17th-18th century a fine style of painting emerged in Kashmir and the adjoining hill areas of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. The paintings from these states are collectively called Pahari paintings. It was also influenced by the Mughal school of painting, though they were different from Mughal painting in treatment, subjects, color sense and directly linked with folk base. 

Pahari Painting: Evolution and Elegance from Basohli to Kangra

• Basohli: In the 17th century, the Pahari school’s paintings from Basohli in Jammu and Kashmir were miniature in nature, representing the early phase.
  • The style expanded to other hill states like Chamba and Kullu, leading to local variations.
  • From the 1690s to 1730s, a new style emerged known as the Guler–Kangra phase.
  • This phase, marked by experimentation, eventually led to the formation of the Kangra style.
• Influence of the Ramayana
  • The Sanskrit epic, Ramayana, was a favorite text for hill artists in Basohli and Kullu. A specific set of paintings, named after ‘Shangri’ showcased the influence of Basohli and Bilaspur styles.
• Guler Style Of Painting: It represents a significant shift from the Basohli style, marking the beginning of the Guler–Kangra phase in Pahari painting.

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Kangra School Of The 18th Century

• It emerged during the last quarter of the 18th century, representing the third phase of Pahari painting.
• It evolved from the Guler style and retained its main characteristics, such as delicate drawing and naturalism.
• The Kangra style thrived in various places, including Kangra, Guler, Basohli, Chamba, the Union Territory of Jammu, Nurpur, Kullu, Mandi regions and Garhwal.
• Patronage under Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Sikh nobility in the early 19th century.
• Themes:It included the Gita Govinda, Bhagavata Purana, Satsai of Biharilal, and Nal Damayanti. 
  • Love scenes of Krishna were a prominent theme, especially the depiction from Ras Panchadhyayi, which vividly illustrates the gopis’ profound love for Krishna.
  • Another famous series depicted the “Twelve months,” illustrating the impact of each month on human emotions.

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Conclusion

• The Pahari School of Painting, with its serene landscapes and lyrical depictions of love and devotion, remains a cherished part of India’s artistic heritage, symbolizing the union of nature, culture, and spirituality in the Himalayan region.