Philosophy of Jainism: Karma, Liberation and Nonviolence

Jainism, an ancient Indian religion, is characterized by its profound philosophical doctrines that emphasize non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya), non-possessiveness (aparigraha), and spiritual liberation (moksha). Jain philosophy revolves around the concepts of karma, soul (jiva), and the path to enlightenment (moksha).

Jain philosophy

• Jainism promotes dualism, making the distinction between soul (jiva) and matter (ajiva). 
• The coming together of jiva and ajiva creates karma (action), which leads to an endless cycle of birth and rebirth.
• To free oneself from karma, one has to practice severe austerities and self-mortification.
• Although Jainism recognises the soul, it rejects the notion of an ultimate, universal soul.

• Theory of Relativity: Jainism propagates the theory of ‘The Doctrine of Relativity of Knowledge and Judgments.’ 
• Division: Jainism divides all knowledge into two classes: 
  • the Mediate (Paroksa, which can be sensed through sensory organs) and 
  • the Immediate (Aparoksa, which can be obtained without sensory organs).
• Immediate knowledge is divided into Avadhi, Manahparyaya, and Kevala.
• Mediate knowledge is divided into Mati and Shruta. 

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• Philosophy of Syadavada (Syad: relative to some standpoint, vada: doctrine, theory, view) 
  • Knowledge is partial and always relative to some particular point of view and about particular aspects of objects.
• Philosophy of Anekantavada (theory of plurality): Ultimate truth and reality are complex and have multiple aspects/perspectives.

Jain Councils

Conclusion

• The philosophy of Jainism offers a comprehensive framework for ethical living and spiritual development. Through practices such as meditation, asceticism, and adherence to the principles of non-violence, Jains seek to attain liberation from the cycle of birth and death, ultimately achieving a state of eternal bliss and enlightenment.